New data from UNCTAD shows that US tax reforms are dampening global investment activity, casting a shadow over efforts to scale-up investment-for-development initiatives.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) has dropped 41% year-on-year so far, but the $470 million decline is happening mainly in wealthy, industrialized nations, especially in North America and Western Europe, according to UNCTAD’s Investment Trends Monitor released on 15 October.
Overall, the global financial picture is “gloomy”, said UNCTAD investment and enterprise division director James Zhan. He said that foreign direct investment is important because it gives countries access to external capital, technology, market access and tax contributions.
According to UNCTAD, the development is mainly owing to recent tax reforms in the United States of America which have encouraged big firms there to bring home earnings from abroad – principally from Western European countries.
He said that the agency had warned in early January that there was “about $2 trillion of stock in the form of cash or in the form of reinvested earnings of retained earnings outside the US”, which may be repatriated in some form, following wholesale tax reform.
“And indeed, it’s happening,” he added. “We have seen that outward FDI from the US was from $147 billion last year to a negative $247 billion this year.”
Trade disputes another negative factor
Other factors have contributed to this year’s “huge difference in repatriation” of overseas profits by US multinationals, Mr. Zhan said.
These include uncertainty about the detail and impact of tax reform and the potential impact of unresolved international trade disputes; such as the tit-for-tat tariffs imposed by the US and China.
In contrast to the overall decline in foreign investment, the UNCTAD report highlights a 42% increase in so-called “greenfield” projects, to $454 billion.
These initiatives can involve building operations in a foreign country from scratch, and they are seen as an indicator of future trends, Mr. Zhan said, noting that investment in this sector had been at “relatively low levels” in the same period last year.
'Only slight' fall in developing country investment
While the fall in foreign direct investment has happened mainly in richer nations, including Ireland (down $81 billion) and Switzerland (down $77 billion), developing economies saw FDI flows declining “only slightly” in the first half of the year by 4%, to $310 billion, compared with 2017.
This includes developing Asia – down 4% to $220 billion – in the same period, driven mostly by a 16% decline in investment in East Asia. China, the notable exception, was in fact the largest recipient of foreign direct investment in the first half of 2018, attracting more than $70 billion.
Latin America and the Caribbean, meanwhile, saw a 6% drop in investment, amid uncertainty over upcoming elections that were offset by higher commodity prices.
In West Africa, the data indicates a 17% fall in investment in the first half of the year, from $5.2 billion to $4.3 billion. This is blamed partly on the “volatile global economic environment” and mixed commodity prices, and it could be turned around by advances in regional integration, including an African Continental Free Trade Agreement, the Investment Trends Monitor suggested.
But that still leaves a significant gap in the investment that will be required for poorer countries to achieve Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, a list of ambitious objectives including extreme poverty eradication and ending world hunger, agreed three years ago.
The figures are released ahead of UNCTAD’s World Investment Forum 2018, where more than 5,000 participants from 160 countries are due to meet to thrash out major new investment-for-development initiatives at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, from 22–26 October.
Click here to listen to Mr. Zhan’s interview with UN Radio and to read the UN News version of this story.
