BioTrade Designer’s Toolkit: Fique or Cabuya (Furcraea SPP.)

DU NN AAT NT CC NE TT BBBBIOOOOTTTTTTRRRRAAAAADDDDDEEEEE –––– DDDEESSIIGGNER’ TOOLKIT 1 Sustainable Materials Fashion Industry Biodiversity/Ecosystems/Community Impact Review DU NN AAT NT CC NE BIOTRADE – DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT 1 Sustainable Materials Fashion Industry Biodiversity/Ecosystems/Community Impact Review York Geneva, 2014 Note designations employed presentation material imply expression opinion part United Nations legal status country, territory, city area, authorities delimitation frontiers boundaries. Material publication freely quoted reprinted, acknowledgement requested, copy publication quotation reprint UNCTAD secretariat. publication formally edited. UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2012/8 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Copyright © United Nations, 2014 rights reserved Acknowledgements publication prepared UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative Daniel Cruz Hermida, Secretario écnico Cadena Nacional de Fique (2005–2012) José Antonio ómez, Corporació Biocomercio Sostenible Colombia.Contributions received Adrienne Stork, Eduardo Escobedo Marí del Carmen Romero, UNCTAD. desktop formatting Rafe Dent. publication developed Swiss State Secretariat Economic Affairs (SECO)–UNCTAD partnership, BioTrade Facilitation Programme – Phase II. publication, BioTrade Designer’ Toolkit: Fique Cabuya (Furcraea spp.) Sustainable Materials Fashion Industry: Biodiversity / Ecosystems / Community Impact Review product BioTrade Initiative, part Division International Trade Goods Services, Commodities (DITC), UNCTAD. part larger effort UNCTAD analyze trade-related issues importance developing countries. Guillermo Valles Director Division International Trade Goods Services, Commodities iii Contents Note ..................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... ii . INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 . specifications ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Taxonomy ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Common names ............................................................................................................................... 1 3. (etymology) ............................................................................................................................. 1 . Facts ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Biological characteristics ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Distribution ....................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Habitat .............................................................................................................................................. 2 II. MARKET OVERVIEW ............................................................................................. 3 . Sourcing insights .................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Parts derivatives trade ............................................................................................................ 4 2. Illegal trade ....................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Actual potentail trade impacts ...................................................................................................... 5 . Harvest overview .................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Production processes ....................................................................................................................... 5 2. Characteristics composition ....................................................................................................... 7 3. Exporters .......................................................................................................................................... 7 4. Dyeing .............................................................................................................................................. 7 . National utilization ................................................................................................................................. 10 1. Commercial applications ................................................................................................................. 10 2. -products .................................................................................................................................... 10 . Trade policies ........................................................................................................................................ 10 1. National legislation .......................................................................................................................... 10 2. International regulations .................................................................................................................. 10 3. Law enforcement ............................................................................................................................ 10 III. BIODIVERSITY-BASED MATERIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REVIEW ............... 11 . Conservation overview .......................................................................................................................... 11 1. Legal status .................................................................................................................................... 11 2. Principal threats .............................................................................................................................. 11 . Sustainable .................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Management (Centros de Beneficio Comunitario)............................................................................ 11 . Ecosystem habitat impact .............................................................................................................. 11 1. Role species ecosystem ............................................................................................... 11 2. Habitat trends ................................................................................................................................. 11 3. Habitat conservation benefits .......................................................................................................... 11 . Access benefit sharing/community benefits .......................................................................................... 11 References ................................................................................................................................................ 12 Notes ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Contents 1I. Introduction . INTRODUCTION Natural fibre important human civiliza- tion prehistoric times. Traditional usages include clothing, housing, packaging material - sonal belongings agricultural products. emergence manufacturing synthetic fibres specific properties, demand natural fibres declined. , 1995 growing interest renewable natural resources incorporation green-label products produced increase market appetite natural fibres (Corpoica, 2004, cited MinAgricultura– Cadefique, 2006). Today, countries United States America, Canada Germany mate- rials reinforced natural fibres automotive industry, manufacturing, construction, packaging aerospace industry. Colombia, fique cultivated fibre extracted time immemorial. production hammocks, nets, strings, espadrilles, bags, sacks saddles. crushed fique leaves prescribed traditionally therapeutic remedies halt swelling; roots fortifiers infusions cleansing properties. regions country, alcohol produced maceration fermentation juice semi- mature leaves tapetusa (liquor) fique ob- tained adding scents. juice leaves whitener clothing. veterinary medicine, juice extracted leaves control common horse louse (mites). bulbils – mucilaginous substances - moved– pickles preparation oil, salt vinegar. stem called scape maguey, employed construction houses, stairs sharpen knives (MinAgricultura –Cadefique, 2006). . specifications 1. Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae. Phylum: Spermatophyta. Clade: Angiospermae. Subclade: Monocotyledonea. Order: Liliflorae. Family: Agavaceae. Genus: Furcraea. Species 1: Furcraea gigantean. Species 2: Furcraea macrophylla. Species 3: Furcraea cabuya. Species 4: Furcraea castilla. Species 5: Furcraea andina. 2. Common names Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru Bolivarian Republic Venezuela: fique, cabuya, penca, fique perulero, maguey, cabui, cabuya blanca, chuchao, cocuiza. Brazil: piteira,pita. Mauritius: aloe, creole. 3. (etymology) etymology cabuya fique - established. . Facts 1. Biological characteristics fique large, upright stem plant. height var- ies 2 7 metres, dense foliage green radial-shaped leaves 1 3 metres long. leaves narrow (10 20 centimetres), fleshy, pointed, channelled spiny, toothed variet- ies, presenting lines faint stripes 3 millime- tres long (figure 1). Young plants consist rosette thick, fleshy blu- ish-green leaves plant grows develops short trunk base carries 75 100 sheets lengths varying 150 200 centimetres widths 15 20 centimetres widest part middle, narrowing 10 centimetres base, thickness 6 8 centimetres. fique Source: IM/Editores Figure 1. Fique leaves 2 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT FIQUE OR CABUYA Furcraea spp. -developed root system spreads grows deeply, making species interesting anti-erosive properties. plant’ productive life fibre production begins 3 6 years, depending growing conditions. Flowers (called maguey escapo) greenish white blooms produced indi- vidual plant’ life cycle. seeds germinate parent plant bulbils fall formed ground. reason, fique considered vivipa- rous plant. Plants 50 years age , typical life span varies 10 20 years. 2. Distribution fique deemed produce Colombian natu- ral fibre excellence. fibre derived leaves. plant originates tropical area Andean region Colombia Bolivarian Republic Venezuela. species spread eastern coast Brazil West Indies. seventeenth century Dutch State Pernambuco (Brazil) Mauritius, spontaneous (growing spreading naturally). Fique nature tropical plant cultivation regions tropical conditions prevail year. rustic plant adapts diverse agro-ecological conditions. Colombia, fique cultivated, transformed - mercialized 13 departments (figure 2) esti- mated 72 “fiquero” municipalities, main Santander, Antioquia, Cauca, Nariñ Boyacá, account 99 cent national production harvest area (CORPOICA – IICA, 2004 cited Biogestion–Cadefique, 2009). 3. Habitat fique xerophytic plant, tolerant arid condi- tions soils poor nutrients, requires semi- humid conditions, warm temperature exposure sunlight good development. Colombia, plant grows climates, coastal plains elevations 3,000 metres, achieves development productiv- ity specific environmental conditions climate soil. Colombia coffee producing zones country ( table 1). Figure 2. Departments fique production Colombia Source: STN Cadefique. MADR. 2010. Table 1. Environmental conditions (climate soil) cultivation fique Variable Parameters Weather Average precipitation 2016 millimetres Average temperature 15.5° Sunshine 4.18 hours day Altitude (average) 2 350 metres sea level Soil Texture Sandy pH 5.1–5.4 Phosphorous Calcium Magnesium Boron High Organic matter High Effective depth 42 centimetres Source: MinAmbiente – MinAgricultura – Cadefique, 2006. 3II. Market overview II. MARKET OVERVIEW current world market demands products natural, polluting, free chemical substances, biodegradable -noxious health consumer. led renewed growing de- mand natural derived inputs products, previously replaced artificial manufactured products cost environmentally friendly. Fique recovering market potential natural fibre global market. due natural competitive advantages raw material production biodegradable products, potential product diversifi- cation opening market niches. Colombia world’ largest producer fique fibre. countries producing smaller amounts include Ecuador Costa Rica. Table 2 classifi- cation textile fibres origin. Fique hard fibre characteristics competitive advantages fibres market items packaging, ropes textiles. . Sourcing insights world market natural fibres, direct - petitors fique current production 3 million tons year upward trend producer countries; production concentrated (approximately 81 cent) countries, India Bangladesh, dominated cultivation jute. Similarly, production countries Asia Thailand Myanmar shown upward trend, reaching 36,000 43,000 tons period 2005 2006. producers increasing produc- tion include Nepal Viet Nam. contrast, decade production jute kenaf China shown downward trend. , China significant importer (Food Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2007), reflected im- portant participation export market finished products fibres. Ministry Agriculture Rural Development Colombia, world market veg- etable fibres decreased production international trade decades twentieth century, rate annual decline -3.1 cent fibres fique. hand fibres jute stable positive growth rate 0.7 cent year constant produc- tion. years, world production natural fibres growing, stimulated increase price polypropylene importance natural synthetic products. confirmed figures FAO (2007), , season 2005–2006 world production jute, kenaf related fibres rose 12 cent. 2005, Colombia contributed 1 cent global production natural fibres fique ( table 3). Table 2. Classification textile fibres Vegetables (cellulose) leaves Fique, henequen, cantala, guapilla, pineapple, leafhemps, sanseviera, sisal, esparto, iraca, cumare, moricha, raffia, . stems Linen, jute, stemhemps, abaca, banana, ramie, guaxima, bamboo, . seeds Cotton, kapok fruit Coconut root Rice root zacaton Animals (keratin) Wools Hairs Filaments Fibres lining sheep skin. Alpaca, vicuñ, cashmere, mohair, rabbit, huarizo, llama, horse, guanaco, camel, . Silk Minerals Asbestos, chrysotile, crocidolite Source: MinAmbiente – MinAgricultura – Cadefique, 2006. 4 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT FIQUE OR CABUYA Furcraea spp. Figure 3 presents sector dynamics terms harvest area fique, production performance Colombia period 1993 2006. 1. Parts derivatives trade Fique fabrics markets economic sec- tors artisanal, decorative metallurgical. , quantities traded period January August 2008 barely exceeded 102,000 kilograms (table 4). Table 5 presents components physical struc- ture fique leaf, percentage area common . transformation leaves 4 cent fibres, 95 cent material great economic potential source products construc- tion, agriculture pharmaceutical industries. Table 3. World production natural fibres country, 2005 Position Fibre Country Production (thousands tons) Global participation ( cent) 1 Jute India 1 900 000 57 2 Jute Bangladesh 800 000 24 3 Sisal Brazil 191 103 6 4 Abaca Philippines 70 356 2 5 Jute China 68 000 2 6 Sisal Mexico 41 856 1 7 Abaca Ecuador 27 194 1 8 Jute Myanmar 26 169 1 9 Sisal Kenya 25 000 1 10 Fique Colombia 22 000 1 Total 3 350 437 100 Source: Minagricultura – Biogestió – Cadefique, 2009. Figure 3. Variation harvest area fique (hectares), production (tons) yield (kilograms/hectare) Colombia years 1993–2006 Source: Minagricultura – Biogestió – Cadefique, 2009. 5II. Market overview Products exclusively long fibre listed (MinAmbiente - Cadefique, 2006): - Bags material packaging: harvest- ing, packing, storage transport agricultural crops; - Crafts: traditional products Santander, Boyacá, Cundinamarca Huila hand weaving techniques, crochet macramé, ; - Ropes: formed strands twist guarantees firmness durability needed activities agricultural, industrial maritime sectors; - Banana rope: fique rope strong competi- tors synthetic material, additional advantage biodegradable; - Threads: threads mooring crafts; - Woven fabrics: biodegradable, decorative, easy handle, manufactured quali- ties dimensions good shine lustre. 2. Illegal trade indications illegal trade fabrics threads Colombia. 3. Actual potential trade impacts Major trends natural fibres show focus handbags, rugs, toys pets home lin- ings innovation designs, colours finishes, development multipurpose fabrics. regard fabrics packaging pur- poses, trends increase packing grains response demand biodegradable products. context, increase fibre production designed grocery bags replacing plastic bags. . Harvest overview Figure 4 outlines production process fique fibre. long fibre existing market juice pulp research development phase, treated detail study. estimated national yield fique dry fibre 2 ki- lograms/plant/year 2 tons hectare, year 2011 represented close 21,000 tons approximate US$15 million. Waste extraction process constitutes 96 cent weight plant, totalled 518,400 tons 2003. 1. Production processes fique fibre production process, ele- ments require greatest attention removal fibres fermentation. - sists separating fique fibre leaf cortex leaves. portable shredder maintained tuned. shredding knives balanced flat edges avoid chopping fibres (Compañí de Empaques Table 4. Industrial products, final market approximate quantities sold period January–August 2008 Fabric Yarn Sacks Ropes Plush Agro-textile Market Construction, handicrafts, decoration, metal mechanics General General Naval, construction, stockbreeding handicrafts, decoration Mattresses Civil work Quantity (kg approx.) 102 000 320 000 3 340 000 62 000 630 000 80 000 Source: Minagricultura – Biogestió – Cadefique, 2009. Table 5. Physical structure fique leaf Component Percentage leaf percentage Fibre 5 4 Textiles packaging Juice 70 40 Steroids extraction Oakum 8 3 Paper pulp Bagasse 17 10 Construction material fertilizers Source: MinAmbiente – MinAgricultura – Cadefique, 2006. 6 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT FIQUE OR CABUYA Furcraea spp. .. al., 2004). shredder calibrated function type removal process : - extracted leaf inserted shredder thick part step quarter leaf processed; - leaf inverted inserted rest fibre removed, making leave cellulose particles. cases fibre removal manually, case fique plant grated hand tools machetes, special scissors, sticks reeds traditional indigenous colonial practices. manual process handicrafts method obtains longest, softest quality fibre. , yield mechanical process higher cost added limited number trained craftsmen . fermentation process key obtaining higher-quality fibre, action microorganisms yeasts increases temperature, organically decomposing material. addition, chemical compounds fique provoke detachment cellulose residues left fibres. fermentation process involves steps ( figures 5–7): Figure 4. Production process fique fibre Source: MinAmbiente – MinAgricultura – Cadefique, 2006. Plot selection Cleaning Plotting Digging holes Cutting Removing base Dethorning Defibering Fermented Fertilizer Drying Shaking - Organic robes - Agro-textiles gg - Oleophilics gg - Threads pp - Packaging - Banana rope - Handicrafts Large fiber Solid residues Bagasse Short fiber - Organic fertilizer - Cattle feed gg - Substrate fungal cultures - Paper - Reinforced fiber pp - Agglomerates - Mattress plush gggg - Thermal insulation pp - Organic moss Juice Extraction Saponins Fat Sugars Alchohol Hecogenin Tigogenin Establishment nurseries Bulb selection Planting nurseries Transplantation Sowing Reseeding Weeding Fertilization Land preparation Cultivation lt iv io en ef fa ct ri st ry 7II. Market overview - dry tank filled green fique, stretching length width tank; - Water added fique covered; - material trampled, squeezed / macer- ated tank; process contributes elimination gravel remained leaves. 2. Characteristics composition strand elementary fibrils superimposed form multicellular filaments leaf. form fique fibre. extracted fibre constitutes maximum 4 cent total weight leaf. fibre main structure cell walls plant tissue, basically consists cellulose minor elements lignin pigments. physical characteristics chemical compo- sition (table 6) vary depending class plant growing conditions. 3. Exporters Materials agro-textiles packaging sacks coffee exports concentrated national processing companies: Compañí de Empaques .., Coohilados del Fonce Ltda Empaques del Cauca .. Exports fabrics, yarn, handicrafts led Empresa Cooperativa de Fibras Naturales de Santander – Ecofibras Ltda., Comercializadoras Internacionales Entidad Artesaní de Colombia .. company entity attached Ministry Trade, Industry Tourism supports handicraft sector product design export promotion. 4. Dyeing dyeing option widely carrying dyeing etching procedure single phase (Ecofibras Ltda Pronatta - MARD, 2000). types dyeing materials , natural chemi- cal. fixes fibre homogeneous colour. working defined colour chart final colours brighter desirable final consumer. , environmental concerns chemical dyeing materials - , Ecofibras Ltda similar compa- nies synthetic chemical biodegradable dyes environmental impact (figure 8). Natural dyeing processes seeds, leaves, soil Figure 5. Removal fique fibre Source: Compañí de Empaques .. Figure 6. Removal fique fibre Source: Compañí de Empaques .. Figure 7. Fermentation fique Source: Compañí de EmpaquesS.. 8 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT FIQUE OR CABUYA Furcraea spp. , show clear colour variation. due fact identical dyeing materials depend soil, climate, age time collection plant tree. Colombia, natural dyeing material produced - pany . mordant mixture inorganic salts alum KAl(SO 4 ) 2 – potassium aluminium sulphate), iron sul- phate (FeSO 4 ) copper sulphate (CuSO 4 ), dissolved water. essential dyeing natural dyes treatment obtains fix dye. excess mordant dyeing fibre opaque, hard, rough brittle (Ecofibras Ltda. & Pronatta - MARD, 2000). Table 6. Chemical composition fique leaf Fibre (%) Juice Bagasse Ashes 0.7 Chlorophyll Ashes 12.20% Cellulose 73.8 Carotenoides Essential elements 3.64% Resins, waxes lipids 1.9 Saponins Proteins Nitrogen elements 9.84% 71.29% Lignin 11.3 Sugars Calcium 21.65% Pentosans 10.5 Resins Phosphorous 0.09% Flavonoids Magnesium 0.20% TOTAL 98.2 Organic acids Potassium 1.81% Tars Sodium 0.04% Water Copper 14 ppm Lignin Iron 647 ppm Calcium Manganese 33 ppm Lipids Zinc 17 ppm Phosphorous Source: MinAmbiente – MinAgricultura – Cadefique, 2006. Figure 9. Handicrafts (shoes fabrics) Source: http://images03.olx../ ui/20/74/01/1337908178_50597301_7-Artesanias-en- Fique-.jpg Figure 10. Handicrafts (rug) Source: Ecofibras Ltda. Figure 8. Dyeing fique fibre Source: Ecofibras Ltda. 2006. 9II. Market overview Table 7. Handicraft products, clients, markets approximate quantities products sold Product Clients Market Annual sales (approximate) Fique yarn Artisans warehouses National international 12 000 kilograms Fique fabric fibre blended cotton Shoes leather goods producers National international 10.000 1.50 meters Rugs Decoration warehouses National international 3 000 square metres Hats General public National 2 000 units Bag packs Warehouses National international 2 200 dozen Curtains Decoration warehouses National 1 500 square metres Bags Warehouses National international 1 200 dozen Exporters International Source: Minagricultura – Biogestió – Cadefique, 2009. Figure 11. Handicrafts (curtain) Source: Ecofibras Ltda. Figure 12. Fique accessories Source: IM/Editores. Figure 13. Accessories fique seeds Source: IM/Editores. Figure 14. Fique fibre bag Source: IM/Editores. 10 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT FIQUE OR CABUYA Furcraea spp. . National utilization Colombia produces wide range products derived fique yarns, fabrics, rugs, hats, bags, curtains, . products sold national international markets shown table 7. 1. Commercial applications artisans Colombia fibers dyed fin- ished products. Working decorative items ac- cessories (key chains, lamps, panels, mats cots), bags backpacks, linen curtains ( ropes braids), hats, footwear, carpets fabrics, (Figures 9-14). 2. -products Oakum bagasse: rest -products process removing fiber composed fibrils vegetable pulp. Fibrils, “ripio”, removed physico-chemical treatments waste manufacture pulp paper, product remaining, bagasse, organic fertilizer crops. Constituents fique leaf qualitative , basically water, cellulose, organic mat- ter minerals values: - 85 cent humidity; - 6 cent cellulose (-glucose); - 8 cent part organic amorphous; sucrose, proteins, nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium, potassium, saponin sapogenin. - 1 cent mineral. Industrial products derived fique juice important market potential. , inter- national price derivatives extracted hecogenin tigogenin high. gram hecogenin costs US$6 US$124 international market, depending degree purity. Tigogenin, brain kidney cell restoration, cost US$200 gram. unmet global demand hecogenin 5,000 tons year. . Trade policies 1. National legislation - Article 108 Law 9 1983 regulatory decree . 3107 1985 (Fique Promotion Fund). - Resolution 224 Ministry Agriculture 2007 – Technical Regulation . 2 agricultural packaging. - Ministry Environment Resolution 1083 1996: sacks agrotextiles natural fibres engineering, conservation soils, slopes erosion control work. - Resolution . 1385 2010 Ministry Transport, Ministry Environment Ministry Agriculture: geotextiles (fabrics), natural fiquefibre control erosion, -vegetation landscaping. - Resolutions 122/10 357/10 Ministry Agriculture: incentives storage fique departments Nariñ Cauca. - Colombian Technical Norm ICONTEC . 5517/07 5637/08, Colombian envi- ronmental seal granted industrial artisanal products fique. 2. International regulations joint meeting -sixthsession FAO Intergovernmental Group Hard Fibres -eighthsession Intergovernmental Group Jute, Kenaf Allied Fibres, gathered Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, November 2011,1 international regulations application Colombian fique fibre. 3. Law enforcement Colombian Agricultural Institute, fiquefibre require special permissions application specific legislation export / national . 11III. Biodiversity-based material environmental impact review III. BIODIVERSITY-BASED MATERIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REVIEW ongoing development fiquefibre fashion de- sign textiles strengthens research effort comprehensive utilization fique reduction environmental impact fibre production. Public private investment generating tech- nologies sector private sector investing development certifications. positive impacts advancing cleaner production practices creating centres main fique regions. granting green seal companies participated training programmes aimed strengthening culture protection environment social responsibility. . Conservation overview 1. Legal status Fique red list International Union Conservation Nature species protected Convention International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora. 2. Principal threats main regions fique harvested pro- cessed common washing fibres peasants leads water contamination. consequences biodiversity regions concerned due harmful effects high - tent sugars, sucrose, glucose fructose, proteins, steroids minerals juices fish aquatic organisms. . Sustainable 1. Management (Centros de Beneficio Comunitario) development centres environmental perfor- mance effective improve management fique fibre process. centres, production processes cutting, fibre remov- al, fermenting, drying, tying transporting improved time movement methodologies. addition, result reduction produc- tion costs decrease thirds water fermentation process. introduction crop diversification harvest area beneficial measure. include farm crops berries, beans, coffee, pea, lulo tomato, . . Ecosystem habitat impact 1. Role species ecosystem studies, confirmed fique characteristics protect soil - tribute rehabilitation land. fique root system developed, deep rich nitrogen, , soil root system enriched element dead roots accumu- late. semi-desert lands observed formation agricultural land faster accentuated fiquecultivation plant group. 2. Habitat trends evidence threat habitat result cultivation fique Colombia. 3. Habitat conservation benefits experimental plot fique marginal/semi-desert terrain create farmable soil 10 years, types plants needed longer. National Council Fique, fique agro-ecological cultivation, protective soils, possesses good water stor- age capacity pulp fertilizer. . Access benefit sharing/community benefits Approximately 70,000 families depend economically fique. population located marginal areas country forms neglected social group Colombia. Fique cultivation important employment generation country; , producers live poverty line. fique activity carried places soil poor economic marginalization evident. employment fique cultivation gener- ates important instrument regional develop- ment concrete opportunities sustain- ably marginal areas agro-industrial exploitation. 12 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT FIQUE OR CABUYA Furcraea spp. References ómez JA. al. Biocomercio Sostenible. Una estrategia de Desarrollo. 2008. IM/ Editores. Bogotá. MinAgricultura – Biogestió – Cadefique (2009). Agenda Prospectiva de Investigació en la Cadena Productiva Agroindustrial de Fique partir de sistemas de Inteligencia Tecnológica. MinAmbiente – MinAgricultura – Cadefique (2006). Guí Ambiental del Fique, 2ª Edició. Secretarí écnica Nacional Cadefique MinAgricultura CCI. 2005 – 2012. Notes 1 http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/jute-hard-fibres/jute-hard-fibres-meetings/en/ (ac- cessed 19 August 2013). Ph ot cr ed : ln eo . Printed United Nations, Geneva – 1424619 () – January 2015 – 399 – UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2012/8