Connecting Sustainable Development Goals 15 and 16: BioTrade Experiences in Colombia and Indonesia

Draft VersionConnecting Sustainable Development Goals 15 16 : BioTrade experiences Colombia Indonesia AT York Geneva, 2018 UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2018/5 © 2018, United Nations work open access complying Creative Commons licence created intergovernmental organizations, http://creativecommons.org/licenses//3.0/igo/. findings, interpretations conclusions expressed authors necessarily reflect views United Nations officials Member States. designation employed presentation material map work imply expression opinion whatsoever part United Nations legal status country, territory, city area authorities, delimitation frontiers boundaries. Photocopies reproductions excerpts allowed proper credits. publication formally edited. United Nations publication issued United Nations Conference Trade Development. iii Contents Note ........................................................................................................................................................ ii List figures .......................................................................................................................................... iv List tables ........................................................................................................................................... iv List boxes ........................................................................................................................................... iv Abbreviations acronyms .................................................................................................................... Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................vi 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 2. THE 2030 AGENDA AND THE SDGs ...................................................................... 3 3. BIOTRADE – CONNECTING SDGs 15, 16 AND 17 ................................................... 5 3.1 BioTrade conceptual framework ....................................................................................................... 5 3.2 BioTrade sectoral geographical scope ...................................................................................... 6 3.3 BioTrade methodologies tools ................................................................................................... 8 3.4 BioTrade interventions post-conflict settings ................................................................................. 9 4. BIOTRADE – BUILDING BIODIVERSITY-FRIENDLY PEACE IN COLOMBIA ................. 12 4.1 BioTrade Colombia ..................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 GEF–CAF Andean BioTrade Project Colombia .......................................................................... 14 4.3 Corporació Biocomercio Sostenible ............................................................................................. 19 4.4 MADS Green Business Generation Programme ............................................................................ 22 4.5 Final comments ............................................................................................................................. 23 5. PEACEBUILDING AND THE NUTMEG VALUE CHAIN IN ACEH SELATAN, INDONESIA .. 24 5.1 Peacebuilding Aceh Selatan, Indonesia ....................................................................................... 24 5.2 UNDO–UNCTAD peacebuilding BioTrade project ..................................................................... 25 5.3 Achievements ................................................................................................................................. 27 5.4 Final comments .............................................................................................................................. 29 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 31 6.1 General conclusions recommendations .................................................................................. 31 6.2 BioTrade peacebuilding post-conflict recovery processes ................................................ 32 6.3 Building social cohesion concerted efforts .............................................................................. 33 6.4 Businesses, entrepreneurship markets ................................................................................... 35 6.5 Combining expertise building partnerships .............................................................................. 36 References ........................................................................................................................................... 37 reading ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Interviews email exchanges ............................................................................................................ 41 Notes .................................................................................................................................................... 42 iv List figures Figure 1. BioTrade conceptual framework: mandates, principles approaches ............................................ 5 Figure 2. Developing countries implementing BioTrade ..................................................................................... 7 Figure 3. Steps BioTrade’ chain methodology .............................................................................. 9 Figure 4. chains supported APC–Fondo Biocomercio project ..................................................... 14 Figure 5. Products COSMETICOS CAFECAO .. ............................................................................... 18 Figure 6. Products beneficiaries supported CBS ................................................................................. 19 Figure 7. Nutmeg collectors sweets female producer fruit sweets, Aceh district ...... 25 Figure 9. Workshop Tapaktuan Agreement signed .................................................................. 27 List tables Table 1. BioTrade sectors prioritized countries partners ....................................................................... 7 Table 2. Complementarities differences BioTrade post-conflict peacebuilding ................... 34 List boxes Box 1. Sustainable Development Goals ........................................................................................................ 3 Box 2. BioTrade, livelihoods, biodiversity markets .................................................................................. 6 Box 3. Description selected cocoa coffee initiatives supported CAF–APC–Fondo Biocomercio project ..................................................................................... 17 Box 4. UNDP Gender-responsive approach Reintegration Peace Stabilization Project, June 2010–December 2011 ..................................................................................................... 24 Box 5. Aceh Selatan nutmeg pilot project ...................................................................................... 26 Box 6. Testimonials beneficiary project’ capacity-building activities ....................................... 28 Box 7. Testimonials women beneficiaries project’ enhancement commercial nutmeg ........... 29 Box 8. Forpala activities conclusion UNDP-UNCTAD pilot project ............................ 30 Box 9. Positive results lessons develop BioTrade post-conflict settings ........................................ 32 Abbreviations acronyms APC Presidential Agency International Cooperation (Colombia) APED Aceh Partnerships Economic Development ASOPROCAR Asociació de Productores de Cacao de Rivera (Colombia) Balittri Indonesian Spice Industrial Crops Research Institute BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Regional Development Planning Agency) BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (National Development Planning Agency) BCPR Bureau Crisis Prevention Recovery (UNDP) BKP3 Badan Ketahanan Pangan dan Pelaksana Penyuluhan Pertanian (Agency Food Security Agriculture Facilitation) CAF Development Bank Latin America CBD Convention Biological Diversity CBS Corporació Biocomercio Sostenible (Colombia) CITES Convention International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora COAPI Cooperativa de Apicultores del Huila (Colombia) CORAMBIENTE Corporació Buen Ambiente DDR disarmament, demobilization reintegration Dishutbun Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan (Forestry Plantation Agency) Forpala Forum Pala (Nutmeg Forum) GAM Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) GAP good agricultural practices GEF Global Environment Facility IAWG-DDR United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group Disarmament, Demobilization Reintegration IFACS Indonesian Forestry Climate Support Project HLPF High Level Political Forum Sustainable Development MEA multilateral environmental agreement NGO -governmental organization NSBP National Sustainable BioTrade Programme (Colombia) NTFPs -timber forest products SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SECO Swiss State Secretariat Economic Affairs SMEs small medium enterprises UEBT Union Ethical BioTrade UNCTAD United Nations Conference Trade Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme USAID United States Agency International Development vi CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: Acknowledgements document prepared Lorena Jaramillo Castro, Economic Affairs Officer UNCTAD, based previous publication Sustaining Peacebuilding Post-conflict recovery BioTrade (UNCTAD/DITC/ TED/2015/6). Indonesian case study nutmeg chain benefited contribution Marí Durleva. Special valuable inputs enriching support: Bonapas Onguglo Lalen Lleander (UNCTAD), Maja Suhud (UNDP Indonesia), Diana Milena Pedroza Obando (CAFECAO), Marisela Vega (Peru), Ana Karina Quintero (Colombia), Alejandro Mesa (Colombia), Juan Carlos Palacios (Colombia), Adriana Lucí Arcos (Colombia), éronique Rossow (PhytoTrade Africa), Siti Ruhanawati (Indonesia), Olga Lucia Garcí (Colombia), Gustavo Urrea (Colombia), Sandra Hurtado (Colombia), Diana Mejí (Colombia), José Antonio ómez (Colombia), Jimena Durá (Colombia) Santiago Molina (Colombia). information UNCTAD’ BioTrade Initiative contact: biotrade@unctad.org consult website: http://www.unctad.org/biotrade Shamika . Sirimanne Officer--charge Division International Trade Goods Services, Commodities 29 June, 2018 1BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA 1. INTRODUCTION Biodiversity life’ foundation resources basic human terms food, fuel, medicine, shelter, transportation, environmental services protecting water sources. important businesses natural raw materials enable development products services, recreation cultural activities, generate income local communities. 1.6 billion people depend forests -timber forest products (NTFPs) livelihoods (Secretariat CBD, 2015a). households Asia, derived 50–80 cent annual household income NTFPs, biodiversity resources (Secretariat CBD, 2014). Latin American region 75 cent households depend biodiversity meet basic food water preserve culture (CAF, 2015). Biodiversity natural capital base sustainable economy. developing countries rich biological resources potential capture market products engine sustainable development. conservation biodiversity sustainable trade derived products services provide countries valuable opportunities economic development improvement livelihoods. Biodiversity increasingly recognized business consumers. source natural inputs develop added processes business opportunity capturing consumer preferences socially, environmentally health- friendly products. Economics Ecosystems Biodiversity report (UNEP, 2010) estimated 2050, sustainability-related global business opportunities natural resources (.. food, energy, forestry, agriculture, water metals) range amount $2–6 trillion. markets biodiversity-friendly products growing. Secretariat CBD (2013) estimated natural cosmetics industry worth $26 billion, natural beverages industry $23 billion botanicals industry $85 billion. growth rates general higher sectors, segments superfoods market expanded 202 cent years. (2016 Mintel).1 forecast biodiversity- friendly products promising, including relevant segments dietary supplements market expected reach $278 billion 20242 (Grand View Research ., 2016), consumer sales United States America natural, organic healthy products forecasted expand 64 cent $153 billion 2013 $252 billion 2019 (NEXT Forecast 2016).3 , biodiversity lost accelerating rates; “13 million hectares forest lost year … 52 cent land agriculture moderately severely affected soil degradation” (United Nations, 2015a). Livelihoods natural- based industries connected biodiversity. Biodiversity loss reduces capacity ecosystems provide essential services human survival. biodiversity responsibly managed sustainably generate livelihoods business opportunities, provide basic development opportunities needed rural areas. relevant post-conflict situations developing countries, thirds biodiversity hotspots priority conservation areas world affected conflict 1950 2000 (Hanson al, 2009). part sustainable peacebuilding process, developing income-generating activities creating sustainable jobs conflict affected individuals (.. displaced people, returnees, victims - combatants) essential reintegration civilian life. Biodiversity, sustainable generation derived tradeable products services, serve key foundation conflict- affected communities -combatants derive economically feasible environmentally friendly opportunities. UNCTAD, promoting BioTrade Initiative. Initiative fosters development biodiversity-based businesses, chains sectors economic, social environmental sustainability criteria. document aims demonstrate BioTrade supporting countries build sustainable peaceful societies, illustrating connection Sustainable Development Goals 15 (Life land) SDG16 (Peace, justice strong institutions). starts providing overview 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, linkages trade, biodiversity peaceful, inclusive societies. , BioTrade analysed, principles, approaches methodologies support peacebuilding post- conflict processes. , case studies 2 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: Colombia Indonesia presented. Finally, document general specific conclusions recommendations developing post-conflict BioTrade initiatives programmes. study, definitions considered: • Disarmament, demobilization reintegration (DDR): “ process contributes security stability post-conflict recovery context removing weapons hands combatants, combatants military structures helping integrate socially economically society finding civilian livelihoods.” (IAWG- DDR, 2006.) • -combatant: “ person assumed responsibilities carried activities mentioned definition ‘combatant’, laid surrendered / arms view entering DDR process. combatant status certified demobilization process recognized authority. Spontaneously auto-demobilized individuals, deserters, considered -combatants proof -combatant status period time .” (IAWG-DDR, 2006.) • Peacebuilding: “involves range measures targeted reduce risk lapsing relapsing conflict strengthening national capacities levels conflict management, lay foundations sustainable peace development. Peacebuilding strategies coherent tailored specific country concerned, based national ownership, comprise carefully prioritized, sequenced, narrow set activities aimed achieving objectives.” (United Nations Secretary- General’ Policy Committee, 2007 quoted United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office, 2015.) • Post-conflict: “ describe time, period events place State region experienced outbreak violence conflict .” (IAWG-DDR, 2006.) • Recovery: “ restorative process relation situation prior distress. entail ‘healing’, reparation, amelioration regeneration.” (IAWG-DDR, 2006). • Reintegration: “ process - combatants acquire civilian status gain sustainable employment income. Reintegration essentially social economic process open time frame, primarily place communities local level. part general development country national responsibility necessitates long-term external assistance.” (Note Secretary- General administrative budgetary aspects financing United Nations peacekeeping operations, 24 2005 (/.5/59/31) IAWG- DDR, 2014.) • Returnee: “ refugee voluntarily repatriated country asylum / country origin, country origin confirmed environment stable secure prone persecution person. refers person ( internally displaced person [IDP] excombatant) returning community/town/ village conflict ended.” (IAWG-DDR, 2006.) • Violence women/Gender-based violence: “Defined “ act gender-based violence results , result physical, sexual psychological harm suffering women, including threats acts, coercion arbitrary deprivation liberty, occurring public private. Violence women understood encompass, limited , : () Physical, sexual psychological violence occurring family, including battering, sexual abuse female children household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation traditional practices harmful women, -spousal violence violence related exploitation; () Physical, sexual psychological violence occurring general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment intimidation work, educational institutions , trafficking women forced prostitution; () Physical, sexual psychological violence perpetrated condoned State, occurs” (UN General Assembly Declaration Elimination Violence Women, 1993).” (IAWG-DDR, 2006). 3BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA 2. THE 2030 AGENDA AND THE SDGs Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), international community joined forces launching inclusive process defining post-2015 development agenda United Nations Conference Sustainable Development (Rio+20). aimed achieve “sustained inclusive economic growth, social development environmental protection benefit ” (United Nations, 2012). translated Rio+20 outcome document named Future mandated establishing global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted Special Summit United Nations General Assembly September 2015. SDGs comprise 17 goals (Box 1) 169 related targets ( indicators), define global development framework 2030. goals aim “ poverty, promote prosperity people’ - protecting environment” (United Nations, 2015b). 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development SDGs (United Nations 2015d) addressed critical areas humanity planet: • People: poverty hunger, promote dignity equality. • Planet: Protect environment degradation. • Prosperity: human beings enjoy prosperous fulfilling lives, technological progress harmony nature. • Peace: Foster peaceful, inclusive societies. • Partnerships: Mobilize means needed implement 2030 Agenda. SDGs interconnected achieved integrated manner environmental, economic social actions, peace security. addressing biodiversity loss requires environmental actions conserve sustainably , social economic actions provide livelihood options local communities . communities consume products services derived biodiversity sell surplus generate family income. , turn, strengthens interest commitment families preserve biodiversity harvest resources sustainably maintain livelihoods. manner, sustainable biodiversity trade economic incentive safeguard biodiversity. UNCTAD proposing BioTrade Initiative, defined chapter. integration biodiversity trade reflected SDGs. instance, biodiversity-related SDGs, Goal 14 marine biodiversity Goal 15 Box 1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Source: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform website (https://sustainabledevelopment..org). 4 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: terrestrial biodiversity include trade considerations. SDG 15 requires urgent action poaching trafficking protected species flora fauna, address demand supply illegal wildlife products (Target 15.7). Target 15. enhances global support efforts combat poaching trafficking protected species, including increasing capacity local communities pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities. targets seek combat illegal trade wildlife recognize actions undermine local economies livelihoods endangering species. , targets advocate legal, reliable sustainable trade wild flora fauna means providing sustainable livelihoods communities affected illegal poaching trafficking. Trade identified means implementation SDGs Goal 17, included SDGs Goals 1, 2, 8, 9 10. SDGs achieved peaceful, equitable inclusive societies people enhance quality life sustainable manner. 2030 Agenda preamble encourages countries “redouble efforts resolve prevent conflict support post-conflict countries, including ensuring women role peacebuilding state-building.” (United Nations, 2015d, 35.) SDG 16 recognizes underscores importance promoting peaceful inclusive societies sustainable development, providing access justice building effective, accountable inclusive institutions levels. High levels armed conflict pose direct threat biodiversity species killed habitats threatened. loss biodiversity essential services undermine limit livelihoods local populations, minorities vulnerable groups depend resources. Exploitation, trafficking, sexual violence, corruption, rule law unequal access justice decision making features appearing conflict areas SDG 16 aims tackle. Natural resources, including biodiversity, asset economic livelihood recovery developing countries cornerstone production, food security reduced vulnerability natural disasters social conflicts. adequate management promote peaceful inclusive societies (Jaramillo Castro Stork, 2015). armed conflicts involve natural resources place biodiversity rich areas (Hanson al, 2009; United Nations Peacekeeping, 2015). post- crisis settings, , peace agreement signed, individuals access forests areas formally limits due security reasons harvest biodiversity resources threaten ecosystems sustainable alternatives offered . developments undermine aims SDG 15, : “ urgent significant action reduce degradation natural habitats, halt loss biodiversity…” (SDG 15.5.) situations, UNCTAD’ BioTrade Initiative play major role. Actions place national local level, biodiversity . , achieve 2030 Agenda, national implementation essential countries translating national development plans, strategies budgets. Agenda states countries “conduct regular inclusive reviews progress national -national levels, results shared, voluntary basis, annual meetings High Level Political Forum Sustainable Development (HLPF), process voluntary national reviews” (United Nations, 2017a, . ii). , 65 countries completed Voluntary National Reviews, including Colombia Indonesia. SDGS reviewed -depth 2018 HLPF “Transformation sustainable resilient societies” SDGs 15 17, 2019 HLPF SDG 16. 2018 HLPF, 48 countries present reviews, including Colombia review. (United Nations, 2017b). 5BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA 3. BIOTRADE - CONNECTING SDGs 15, 16, AND 17 3.1 BioTrade conceptual framework UNCTAD launched BioTrade Initiative 1996 response Agenda 21 1992 Earth Summit`. Initiative, UNCTAD aims promote trade investment biodiversity-based products services, line social, economic environmental sustainability principles criteria. ( Figure 1 Box 2). Principles Criteria, BioTrade Principles Criteria, centre BioTrade framework guide activities implemented programmes, partners beneficiaries globe. include principles encompass dimensions sustainable development line mandates sustainable development objectives (SDGs), UNCTAD, multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) Convention Biodiversity (CBD) Convention  International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora (CITES). international community recognized BioTrade key strategy sustainable resources implemented, contributing conservation poverty alleviation objectives. BioTrade principles include objectives CBD: (1) Conservation biological resources; (2) Sustainable components; (3) Fair equitable sharing benefits arising utilization biodiversity. BioTrade contributes promoting legal, verifiable sustainable trade endangered animals plant species consistent CITES. , BioTrade included CBD CITES decisions Conference Parties (COPs) related incentive measures, business engagement, sustainable biodiversity, integration biodiversity poverty eradication development, cooperation conventions international organizations initiatives; UNCTAD’ contribution achievement Aichi Targets; traceability CITES- listed species. UNCTAD presented BioTrade experiences joint briefing Committee United Nations General Assembly 2013 key contributions published environment trade community Economics Ecosystems Biodiversity (TEEB). Nairobi Maafikiano adopted UNCTAD 14 2016, serves platform UNCTAD act 2030 Agenda. solid mandate UNCTAD strengthen work BioTrade paragraph 76 (): “Promote sustainable trade biodiversity products services strengthen sustainability biodiversity foster sustainable chain Sustainable livelihoods Ecosystem approach Adaptive management P1. Conservation biodiversity P2. Sustainable biodiversity P3. Equitable benefit-sharing P4. Socioeconomic sustainability P5. Legal compliance P6. Respect actors’ rights P7. Clear land tenure resource access Sustainable development objectives (SDGs) UNCTAD XII, XIII, XIV CBD, CITES MEAs Mandates BioTrade principles Approaches Figure 1. BioTrade conceptual framework: mandates, principles approaches Source: Adapted UNCTAD, 2007. 6 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: growth, close cooperation relevant agencies ”. BioTrade Principles, combined approaches ( chain, sustainable livelihoods, ecosystem adaptive management), guarantee sustainability interventions. Principles Criteria identify social, economic environmental challenges gaps BioTrade beneficiaries businesses chains. information translated improvement workplans actions plans beneficiary, chain / sector, guide technical assistance UNCTAD partners, guaranteeing sustainability actions. 3.2 BioTrade sectoral geographical scope Biodiversity variety products services sustainably generate tradeable products services. , important prioritize products services generate major social, environmental economic impacts countries stakeholders promoting BioTrade. reason, UNCTAD, regional national programmes experts developed BioTrade Principles Criteria guide interventions ground. methodologies, protocols guidelines produced support partners programmes identify, implement monitor sustainability lense, benefits impacts generated BioTrade beneficiaries (.. SMEs, community-based associations) prioritized sectors). growing number stakeholders embracing BioTrade concept, principles, criteria frameworks, implemented broad range stakeholders 20 countries Asia, Africa Latin America. Union Ethical BioTrade (UEBT), BioTrade concept implemented supply chains transnational companies developed countries France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland United Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland. , UEBT working jointly Swiss company Weleda develop sandalwood supply chain Sri Lanka. Figure 2 shows overview countries partners active BioTrade / BioTrade-related activities. regional level, BioTrade fostered implemented partners Development Bank Latin America (CAF), General Secretariat Andean Community PhytoTrade Africa. PhytoTrade Africa, , supports development added natural products native biodiversity marula, baobab, devil´ claws kigela. represents 56 member SMEs harvesters, collectors communities countries: Botswana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Box 2. BioTrade, livelihoods, biodiversity markets BioTrade refers collection, production, transformation commercialization goods services derived native biodiversity (ecosystems species) social, environmental economic sustainability criteria. programmes promote development trade products services derived native species conserve biodiversity surrounding area. chain development, generating sustainable livelihoods sale biodiversity products services, sustainable management biodiversity. BioTrade specializes added niche products services economically competitive target specific markets. includes high- added products specialty products region culture. BioTrade helps build resilience -resilience communities create livelihood alternatives safeguarding surrounding biodiversity. Socioeconomic sustainability, equitable sharing benefits respect rights actors emphasized BioTrade principles criteria, core implementing BioTrade activities. Source: adapted UNCTAD, 2015. 7BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA Africa, Swaziland, Zambia Zimbabwe. 12,500 individuals engaged primary production (78 cent women) beneficiaries PhytoTrade Africa (UNCTAD, 2017). 2014, gross revenue members amounted $5.7 million created 634 local jobs markets accesed include Europe, Asia, United States, Australia (UNCTAD, 2017). National BioTrade partners ministries environment trade Colombia, Ecuador Peru, trade promotion agencies Ecuador Peru, NGOs Helvetas Viet Nam, Corporació Biocomercio Sostenible (CBS) (Colombia), Corporació Fondo Biocomercio (Colombia), EcoCiencia (Ecuador), . products services traded beneficiary countries cover sectors personal care, food, pharmaceuticals, fashion, ornamental flora fauna, handicrafts, textiles natural fibres, sustainable tourism forestry-based carbon credit activities ( Table 1). 20154, activities implemented UNCTAD partners BioTrade benefited approximately 5 million farmers, collectors, breeders, hunters, producers workers; creating jobs generated additional income opportunities rural marginal communities actors chain. Global sales BioTrade products services5 reached €4.3 billion 2015 showing clear increase €35.34 million ($40 million) 2003. BioTrade transitioning previously niche green market robust -sector economy developing countries. Africa: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic Tanzania, Zambia Zimbabwe Asia: India, Indonesia, Lao Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Viet Nam Latin America: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru Plurinational State Bolivia Figure 2. Developing countries implementing BioTrade Table 1. BioTrade sectors prioritized countries partners Sector Type product Personal care Essential oils, natural dyes, soaps, cream butters, cosmetics, . Pharmaceutical (phyto-pharma) Extracts, capsules infusions medicinal plants, . Food Fruits pulps, juices, jams, biscuits sauces, spices, nuts, tuberous, snacks food supplements, functional food, meat caiman fish, . Fashion Skin belts, purses Caiman yacare, . Ornamental flora fauna Heliconias, orchids, butterflies, . Handicrafts Jewellery, decorative objects based native species, garments, . Textiles natural fibres Furniture decorative objects based natural fibres, purses, shoes, . Sustainable tourism Ecotourism, nature-based tourism, community-based tourism, . Forestry-based carbon credit activities Carbon neutral chains, Reducing Emission Deforestation Forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management forests enhancement forest carbon stocks (REDD+), 8 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: 3.3 BioTrade methodologies tools Enhancing local capacities skills engaging biodiversity-based resources beneficiary countries major focus UNCTAD partners. guidelines, training material documents, master’ degree programme online courses developed, conferences events organized. BioTrade works variety sectors levels, tools methodologies developed specifically stakeholders involved. , policy makers (.. UNCTAD ABS guideline (2017)), companies (.. UEBT’ biodiversity sourcing strategies; national programme´ business plans development), financial institutions (.. CAF’ financial entities training programme Andean BioTrade Programme), research organizations (.. management plans), universities (.. -line courses), general public (.. UNCTAD´ document 20 years BioTrade). BioTrade partners work develop businesses, chains sectors, topics covered capacity-building activities considered categories: • Policy frameworks: Guidelines fulfil regulations, protocols, management plans, Access Benefit Sharing, patents, . • Market access: Market studies, guidelines develop implement marketing promotion strategies, guidelines requirements access specific markets, -tariff measures databases target markets, . • chain development: Methodologies identify prioritize sectors chains, formulate implementation strategies monitoring systems. • Managerial skills: Guidelines develop business plans feasibility studies, cost assessments, traceability documentation, . • Social practices: Guidelines enhance participation communities decision making chain development, implementing methodologies equitable fair distribution benefits chain stakeholders. • Environmental practices: Guidelines develop management plans resource assessments flora fauna species, sustainable practice guidelines ecotourism community-based tourism initiatives, protocols wild species, including listed CITES Appendixes II III.6 tools methodologies developed BioTrade adapted country region specific circumstances realities. include additional approaches, criteria considerations target specific geographical locations beneficiaries. , UNCTAD’ Guidelines methodology support chains BioTrade products services (UNCTAD, 2009) bridges BioTrade peacebuilding, post-conflict recovery efforts. chains comprise activities related development product service, sourcing raw material transportation, processing, commercialization, marketing selling final product service. UNCTAD’ BioTrade chain methodology involves steps, starting identification selection sectors chains based environmental, biological, social, political, economic, market, technological infrastructure criteria. phase, additional criteria related target groups (women, youth, religious groups, -combatants groups), geographical location criteria related peacebuilding included. , participatory assessment selected sector/chain developed, includes identification problems solutions accessing current potential markets, implementing sustainable benefit-sharing practices, promoting peacebuilding post-conflict recovery. sector strategy formulated implemented strengthen develop sector promoting empowerment chain stakeholders ( companies communities sector associations) process short, medium long term. Governments, local national, play key role creating enabling policy environment promoting chain instance research development, infrastructure incentives. Academia, business incubators civil society play essential roles support network address emerging chains businesses. monitoring evaluation system designed implemented, strategy redefined nourished. , strategy implemented (step 5), sectors products emerge process -start ( Figure 3). steps consists activities lead achievement concrete results, active participation government representatives, 9BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA private sector, academia, NGOs, community-based initiatives actors working chain sector. methodology participatory inclusive bottom- approach builds existing capacities knowledge, promotes sharing information, coordination activities establishment partnerships. Inclusive, sustainable equitable businesses chains based native biodiversity developed. relevant rich biodiversity countries. BioTrade’ chain methodology works community level linking local stakeholders national level (.. central government – ministries trade, environment, agriculture health) international level (.. import promotion agencies). chain methodology : • targeting specific groups, women, youth, seniors conflict-affected communities; • guaranteeing win-win actions chain actors defined participatory manner; • stimulating local private sector development sustainability criteria. basis BioTrade chain actors work promote development businesses chains based sustainable native species BioTrade Principles. BioTrade’ chain methodology opportunities community members chain actors discuss jointly work identify overcome barriers, reach common goals, define responsibilities minimize negative impacts group individuals. Spillover benefits generated chain actors (.. -target group members communities, government, academia, research development centres, .). risk conflict arising -emerging reduced actors participate development chain, agree decide roles, responsibilities benefit-sharing mechanisms, define implement mechanisms monitor guarantee flow information chain actors. approach facilitates participation minorities vulnerable groups (.. women, youth, children seniors) decision-making processes benefits derived. 3.4 BioTrade interventions post- conflict settings 60 years, United Nations Environmental Programme, 40 cent 1. Identification sectors potential 2. Selection sectors/ chains 4. Formulation sector strategy 5. Implementation, &, redefining strategy 3. Participatory assessment sectors/ chains Figure 3. Steps BioTrade’ chain methodology Source: adapted UNCTAD, 2009. 10 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: armed conflict government -state groups “ link natural resources, link doubles risk conflict relapse years. 1990, 18 violent conflicts fuelled exploitation natural resources, ‘high-’ resources timber, diamonds, gold, minerals oil, scarce fertile land water” (United Nations Peacekeeping, 2015). demonstrates importance sustainably managing natural resources (including biodiversity), developing sustainable livelihoods promoting peaceful inclusive societies, achieving SDG 16. BioTrade activities supporting peacebuilding processes post-conflict recovery implemented Asia UNCTAD, cooperation UNDP Bureau Crisis Prevention Recovery (BCPR), .. development nutmeg chain Aceh Selatan, Aceh Province, Indonesia. partners supported peacebuilding processes Colombia National Sustainable BioTrade Programme (NSBP). BioTrade implemented countries affected level internal conflict Mozambique, Peru, Plurinational State Bolivia Zambia. Experience shown implementation BioTrade act tool reintegration livelihood recovery post-crisis settings – including substitution illegal crops. enables sustainable local resources engine develop income-generating activities businesses tradable products services. Reintegration options employment alternative sources income livelihoods recovery -combatants, displaced people affected groups. BioTrade products part traditional culture community identity, support integration communities stakeholders involved. conflict-affected communities rural areas Colombia, livelihoods intricately related surrounding biodiversity obtain basic . Community members harvest plants, fruits, roots, fish honey, sell transform ingredients final products food, pharmaceuticals, crafts, personal care industries, . Standing forests biodiversity natural landscapes attractive tourist destinations generate income families. armed conflict interrupts, normal functioning people’ income-generating activities endangered, access markets, consumers costumers food medicine, limited. parallel, insecurity violence grows, motivating individuals flee rural areas. providing biodiversity-based livelihood options increasing resilience actors, including displaced families, -combatants groups, BioTrade supports peacebuilding reintegration efforts. fact, BioTrade mainstreamed technical papers United Nations standards related peacebuilding reintegration -combatants groups. Operational Guide Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization Reintegration Standards (IAWG-DDR, 2014) section Integrating Natural Resources DDR planning programmes, recognizes BioTrade DDR programmes economic social reintegration opportunity supports sustainable livelihoods post-conflict contexts. economic social reintegration opportunities generated BioTrade natural resource- based chain development include: • Economic: “production, processing / selling natural resource-based products (wild cultivated) -chain approach micro-enterprise support.” • Social: “Target groups linked cooperate market/based chain; enterprise development supports forming identity business person/trade; chains, opportunities identified participants consideration gendered division labour gender-related norms.” (IAWG-DDR, 2014.) UNDP-UNCTAD Indonesia experience featured UNEP-UNDP (2013) study Role Natural Resources Disarmament, Demobilization Reintegration: Addressing Risks Seizing Opportunities. , study identifies BioTrade “natural resource sectors important reintegration offer opportunities contribute DDR objectives improving security laying ground recovery long-term development”. recognizes importance building partnerships exemplifies UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative’ expertise sustainable chain development support gender-sensitive reintegration programmes. 20 years commemorative publication BioTrade 11BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA (UNCTAD, 2017), Boyer wrote: “BioTrade potential bring trade investment biodiversity- rich countries affected conflict displacement. tool increasing economic - reliance resilience displaced persons host communities safeguarding biodiversity”. 12 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: 4. BIOTRADE – BUILDING BIODIVERSITY-FRIENDLY PEACE IN COLOMBIA Colombia megadiverse country;7 0.22 cent earth’ surface hosts 10 cent global biodiversity (Chaux al, 2014). endemic species country biggest bird orchid species diversity largest plants, butterflies, freshwater fishes amphibians (Secretariat CBD, 2015b). , decades armed conflict toll human lives lost economic opportunities, including deforestation damaged forest ecosystems. , limited access humans forests due insecurity interdiction armed groups enabled conservation hectares forest, pristine. UNDP studies (2014; 2015a) Colombia identified conserved locations remote areas development limited due conflict insecurity. , 90 cent post-conflict priority municipalities protection instruments natural resources (.. national parks forestry reserves) limit activities developed. areas conflict place surrounding natural resources threatened affected, placement explosion personal mines forest areas. instance, Colciencias research institutes initiative Colombia Bio8 organizing research missions enhance knowledge Colombian biodiversity ways protect provide information policy making (Colciencias, 2017a). research initiative started Peace Agreement signed , August 2017, discovered 89 species plants animals (Pardo Ibarra, 2017). search livelihood opportunities, -combatants, affected communities individuals enter forest areas extract natural resources,9 unsustainable basis – converting forests intensive agriculture livestock systems mining. ultimately undermine natural resources needed peacebuilding processes develop livelihoods; importance BioTrade. peace process underway Colombia years concluded signing Peace Agreement 2016. scenario, rural local development plays centrepiece post-conflict processes Comprehensive Rural Reform - Colombian Countryside (Agenda Item 1).10 Building long-lasting stable peace requires, inter alia, comprehensive, participatory, inclusive equality approach reduces inequalities urban rural areas, citizens. , National Development Plan11 (2014-2018) Todos por nuevo paí ( country) supports peace processes Colombia. Plan focuses pillars (Departamento Nacional de Planeació, 2015): 12 peace, equity education set basis country. , Green growth strategic axes Plan basis development economy responsible environment, society people. achieve plan, National Green Business Plan13 launched MADS, translated regional implementation Green Business Regional Plans managed regional environmental authorities. post-conflict progresses, huge find gainful employment income generation, build livelihoods resilience returnees, - combatants host communities conflicted affected areas. Reducing economic/ development inequalities countryside urban areas cornerstone process, main reasons started conflict 50 years . requires actions enhance wellbeing health rural population, specific circumstances, opportunities. scenario, sustainably managed biodiversity nature general, huge potential contribute long-lasting stable peace needed. BioTrade support implementing local models developing viable businesses, chains sectors build livelihoods beneficiaries post-conflict processes. biodiversity-based chains fostered focusing traditional livestock intensive agriculture activities. fact, BioTrade defined priority Colombian International Cooperation Roadmap 2015–2018, Post-conflict Ministry Office High Commissioner Peace implementation Peacebuilding Agreement (APC, 2015). Similarly, UNDP study (2014) recognizes contribution BioTrade suggests developed communities, conflict victims - combatants Colombia. 13BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA 4.1 BioTrade Colombia 1998, globally pioneering National Sustainable BioTrade Programme (NSBP) launched Colombia. Colombian Ministry Environment Sustainable Development (MADS) manages programme Green Sustainable Businesses Unit. 2010–2012, MADS began process revise update conceptual framework strategy programme, time implemented partnership Alexander von Humboldt Institute. NSBP managed Green Sustainable Business Office/MADS, included sectors supported National Green Business Plan. revised programme (2014–2024) aims “Promote development innovative competitive BioTrade businesses, contributing conservation biodiversity, ecosystem services, human welfare Colombia, umbrella Integral Biodiversity Management”. includes strategic dimensions (Duque Sosa, 2014): • Strengthening policies: Harmonize articulate regulations public policies related sustainable management native biodiversity. • Construction strengthening capacities chain development: Strengthen businesses institutional capacities promote development BioTrade country. • Access markets product differentiation: Position BioTrade products high added certificates differentiation local, regional, national international markets. • Science, technology innovation: Research innovate technologies, processing raw materials products, promoting social appropriation knowledge. • Economic financial incentives: Increase access financial resources (specialized differentiated) develop implement financial incentives support growth Colombian BioTrade companies. • Product market information system – National BioTrade Observatory: Generate disseminate updated reliable information BioTrade products services, markets national international levels. • Monitoring, evaluation adaptation system: monitoring evaluation tools needed follow BioTrade initiatives implementation NSBP. sectors supported include: 1) ingredients natural products cosmetic, food, phyto- pharmaceutical fashion industries; 2) flowers foliage; 3) wildlife pets; 4) construction materials; 5) crafts decorative articles; 6) ecotourism (Duque Sosa, 2014). 2,000 projects supported NSBP, benefiting community organizations private actors working promote sustainable trade biodiversity-derived products services (Ministry Environment, Housing, Territorial Development, 2009; Rodriguez Chaux, 2014). Key organizations supporting implementation BioTrade framework include: Fondo Biocomercio, CBS Sinchi Institute (Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas). Local national government entities, private associations, academia civil society international organizations part network supports implements BioTrade activities country. NSBP, initiatives implemented coastal, Andean Amazon regions affected conflict. aim providing legal economic alternatives illegal crops. initiatives supported BioTrade partners Fondo Biocomercio, CBS, Sinchi Institute, CORAMBIENTE/CAF, Alexander von Humboldt Institute/CAR CORPOAMAZONIA, . chain approach enhanced inclusiveness, participation stakeholders consensus building, boosting competitiveness businesses territories located. chains promoted include NTFPs (.. natural dyes, functional foods cosmetic products) sustainable tourism (.. ecotourism, rural adventure tourism, birdwatching, .). initiatives developed departments affected conflict14 (Indepaz, 2017) defined Colombian Post-conflict Ministry, including departments Antioquia, Arauca, Bolivar, Boyacá, Caldas, Caquetá, Cauca, ésar, órdoba, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Nariñ, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Risaralda, Santander, Sucre, Tolima Valle del Cauca, (Arcos Dorado al, 2009; Duque Sosa, 2014; CAF, 2012; CAF, 2015; CBS, 2015 2017; Vega Urrea interviews). sections present examples promote 14 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: development biodiversity-based economic activities enhance livelihoods conflict-affected communities areas Colombia. developed Andean BioTrade project CAF, Fondo Biocomercio MADS. developed CBS regions Colombia partnership public private sector. chapter concludes current programme Green Sustainable Business Office/MADS named: Green Sustainable Business Generation Programme, funded European Union. 4.2 GEF–CAF Andean BioTrade Project Colombia 2010-2014, regional Andean BioTrade project supported strengthened BioTrade local, national regional levels strategy conservation sustainable biodiversity Colombia, Ecuador Peru. Global Environmental Facility (GEF) project managed Development Bank Latin America (CAF) jointly partners country. Colombia, project executed NGO Fondo Biocomercio15 cooperation MADS. project included components: (1) policy strengthening; (2) market access; (3) capacity building; (4) product market information; (5) leverage financial resources BioTrade initiatives; (6) development pilot projects. , project enhanced chain approach NBSP 2010 included key principles articulate implementation activities ground: • Inclusive development: Coordinating chains generating equitable relationships stakeholders encourage economic inclusion. • Contextualized solutions: Adapting activities environmental socioeconomic dynamics characteristics areas BioTrade implemented. • Systematic approach: Implementing activities macro, meso micro levels. • Capacity-building: Providing training technical assistance enhance individual collective skills reinforce dialogue platforms multisectoral collaboration. regional Andean BioTrade project implemented Colombia, Ecuador Peru, Figure 4. chains supported APC/Fondo Biocomercio project Source: Fondo Biocomercio, 2015. 15BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA 29,600 beneficiaries improved working conditions quality life; sales project beneficiaries increased average 65 cent 2011 2014, reaching $310 million; 282,000 hectares land managed BioTrade Principles Criteria, ensuring conservation sustainable biodiversity (CAF, 2015). Colombia specifically, 100 pilot projects supported 23 departments (75 cent country) coastal (Atlantic Pacific), mountain Amazon regions: Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Caquetá, Chocó, órdoba, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Guaviare, Huila, Magdalena, Nariñ, Putumayo, Risaralda, San Andres Providencia, Santander, Sucre, Tolima Valle del Cauca. pilot projects ecotourism, NTFPs, sustainable agriculture sustainable forestry. generated 2,200 jobs, $40 million sales 2011–2014, average growth rate 63 cent period 2011–2014 benefited 5,844 families stage chain (producers, farmers, collectors), 40 cent women (Chaux al, 2014; CAF, 2015).16 Innovation fostered 24 biodiversity-derived products developed, Omega-3, 6 9 capsules derived sacha inchi, extracts çai chontaduro powders, cosmetic products derived çai, functional beverages derived camu camu, çai green tea, chips arracacha, (Chaux al, 2014). supporting businesses chains diverse remote parts Colombia, BioTrade offers income-generating opportunities isolated regions country. BioTrade considered important activity significantly contribute establishing peace offering legal sustainable opportunities support post-conflict reintegration efforts vulnerable populations. perspective, joint project developed Colombian Presidential Agency International Cooperation (APC) Andean BioTrade project Colombia. implemented BioTrade part post-conflict efforts departments La Guajira, Tolima, Huila, Risaralda, San Andres Providencia Santa Catalina (Fondo Biocomercio, 2015). Thirteen initiatives supported initiative (13 cent pilot projects supported GEF-CAF project Colombia). joint APC/Andean BioTrade project included components: • Strengthen regional capacities related sustainable native biodiversity: Enhancing capacity local government institutions actors support BioTrade entrepreneurs. • Strengthen prioritized BioTrade chains: Developing, identifying assessing existing resources strengthening selected chains themes prioritized ( relates steps 1–5 BioTrade’ chain methodology). • Strengthen innovative initiatives products derived native biodiversity: framework Impact Hub Fellowship BioTrade, contest conducted search innovative ideas link entrepreneurship native biodiversity specific regions. • Monitoring, evaluation systematization activities implemented: Aiming document action implemented provide territorial policy document BioTrade guide intervention local government. results achieved joint project conflict setting demonstrate BioTrade support livelihoods vulnerable communities. instance, 439 jobs generated 16,000 hectares land sustainably managed generate products derived native biodiversity. Local capacities strengthened establishment regional grids enhance entrepreneurship BioTrade – building local network service providers supporters. Eleven chains (Figure 4) strengthened providing technical assistance 67 initiatives broad range areas including entrepreneurship, business management, marketing, commercialization, logistics, promote associativity, governance, organizational business development. financial tool support BioTrade local companies access financial resources developed. Impact Hub Fellowship BioTrade aimed building entrepreneurship culture. demonstrated native biodiversity sustainably managed good business. 161 initiatives registered 105 qualified participate, 24 cent Huila, 22 cent Risaralda, 21 cent San Andres Providencia Santa Catalina, 18 cent Tolima 15 cent La Guajira. initiatives, projects operational companies, 38 cent led women, Afro-American indigenous communities led 35 16 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: cent total. semi-finalist initiatives, winners : – SeaFlower Coral Nursery Ecotour (San Andres Providencia Santa Catalina); – COSMETICOS CAFECAO ... (Huila); – Yarumo Blanco (Risaralda). winners received seed funding membership Impact Hub, enabling participate workshops developing ideas, - funding, business management Lean Startup methodology. Technical assistance prototype development, facilitating access funding, legal issues, marketing communication winners. Finally, initiatives part connected global network worldwide entrepreneurs innovators. Building experience, Fondo Biocomercio jointly INNPULSA-Colombia (Business Growth Management Unit National Government)17 developed Programme Bio-businesses Acceleration (PABE - Programa de Aceleramiento de Bio-Empresas). PABE supports companies potential rapid sustained growth working natural ingredients sustainable tourism. companies selected participate programme benefit support (Programma PABE, 2015): • Assess validate rapid, profitable sustained growth company analyzing current future trends affecting ; • Define trends target market support development prototypes; • Redefine sales strategy; • Strengthen company´ organizational, legal, accounting, financial capacities, support compliance BioTrade principles criteria; • Design promotion dissemination campaign target consumer; • Enable linkages funding sources; • Accompany company product service reaches market. Due positive results project, phase developed November 2016 November 2017 support CAF APC executed Fond Biocomercio. phase aimed facilitate strengthen economic sustainability communities post-conflict areas. focused high quality cocoa, special coffees sustainable tourism chains Departments Arauca, Caqueta, Cesar, Cordoba, Magdalena, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Risalda, Santander (Urrea, interview 2017). project components results (CAF, 2017a Urrea interview 2017): 1. Knowledge management cooperation fostering South-South cooperation exchange African Latin American countries part CAF’ Latin American Cocoa Initiative.18 exchange programme carried 3 cocoa 3 coffee initiatives Africa trainings UEBT UTZ Netherlands ( Box 3). 2. Launching Coffee Cocoa Observatory (#observacafécacao) include 54 initiatives project, 30 cocoa 24 coffee.19 54 initiatives, 32 assessed Green businesses criteria. 9 ventures (6 cocoa20 3 coffee)21 included PABE. PABE, businesses build capacity implement good post-harvesting practices, strengthen commercial plans, market studies support search commercial partners, incorporate BioTrade Green businesses criteria business ventures. project, initiatives UEBT/UTZ certification pre- assessment. addition, 9 ventures received technical assistance strengthen potential develop sustainable tourism activities (nature- based tourism, birdwatching agro-tourism). 3. Raise awareness outreach campaign targeted stakeholders. programme designed implemented outreach raise awareness campaign, reaching 100 thousand people social media including Facebook. included development webinars 27 thousand participants. webinars included topics: () Linking green businesses actors: cocoa chains; () Technical Cocoa Table: challenges, implementing PABE, special coffee Bioexpo Colombia 2017; () “Integrasinú” - 3rd place 2017 Gold Cocoa Competition,22 cocoa economic alternative peace; PABE, Cocoa Network Green businesses contribution cocoa chain; () Interview Juan Carlos Palacios, CAF Latin America Cocoa Initiative. webinars accessible www.biocomerciocolombia./ observacafecacao/webinars. 17BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA 4.2.1 COSMETICOS CAFECAO ... – natural personal care products derived native cocoa bee products23 Rivera Municipality traditional cocoa producer area, geographical boundaries conflict-affected departments Cauca Valle del Cauca. 2006, community established “Citizens’ Mandate Life, Human Dignity Peace” response February 2006 killing councillors Rivera Constituent Assembly elected December 2005 (UNDP, 2008). stability secured environment Rivera Municipality enabled flourishing businesses thriving entrepreneurs CAFECAO benefits 1,000 people.24 COSMETICOS CAFECAO .. ( CAFECAO) SME led entrepreneur Diana Milena Pedroza Obando Rivera Municipality (Huila) develops cocoa-based personal care products enriched bee products: facial, hair body masks lip balm. conceived 2011 Young Entrepreneurs Programme National Service Learning (Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, “SENA”) Neiva Huila. SENA technical assistance standardize CAFECAO product formulas, refined trials. products commercialized Hotel Campestre Los Gabrieles (Rivera) local national trade fairs support SENA. profit generated years operation members left company, leaving Diana colleague, Oliva Arévalo, continue endeavour. CAFECAO supported National Police Carabineers Division (Direcció de Carabineros) Neiva part initiative Productive Projects Rural Prosperity Green Markets Programme Autonomous Corporation High Magdalena. support enabled CAFECAO reach consumers national level participating national fairs Bogotá, Agroexpo (2013 2015) Colonias Fairs (2014). CAFECAO works chain approach Box 3. Description selected cocoa coffee initiatives supported CAF–APC–Fondo Biocomercio project December 2016, initiatives participated “ meeting -creation knowledge exchange coffee cocoa bio-chains” (Segundo encuentro de -creació intercambio de sabers entre biocadenas de café cacao) held Ghana Amsterdam. initiatives shared experiences knowledge post-harvesting practices learn producers Research Institute Cocoa Ghana. , benefitted training conducted UEBT UTZ Amsterdam commercialize sustainable products differentiated markets. information, initiatives enhanced knowledge requirements opportunities access niche differentiated markets, provide added products, concept “ BEAN BAR”. initiatives supported special characteristics linked conservation peace-building practices combined uniqueness native products shown : • initiative Cordoba Department commercializes native variety cocoa conserves biodiversity creating biological corridors protect threatened species (.. cotton- top tamarin, Saguinus Oedipus, commonly mico tití); • initiative Arauca Department commercializes specialty cocoa, aiming replace illegal crops; • initiative Cesar La Guajira Departments, developing Porcelana cocoa - specialty cocoa - high demand international niche markets; • coffee initiatives Santander, Huila Cesar Departments aimed recover special coffee varieties post-conflict areas. Source: Urrea Hurtado interviews, 2017. 18 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: established strategic alliances suppliers: • Cocoa suppliers: Cocoa Producers Association Rivera (Asociació de Productores de Cacao de Rivera, ASOPROCAR) Rivera Huila Municipality includes 185 members; Chocolate Riverense processes cocoa CAFECAO. • Apiculture suppliers wax, honey, propolis royal jelly: Apiculture Cooperative Huila (Cooperativa de Apicultores del Huila, COAPI) Huila includes 64 members, indigenous reservation Panikita. COAPI beneficiary NSBP Colombia. partnerships enabled CAFECAO work suppliers, enhancing quality cocoa apiculture products, implementing traceability systems. ASOPROCAR supported CAFECAO implement good agriculture practices (GAP) natural inputs. SME purchases cocoa bee products premium prices. price aims motivate cocoa producers conserve cocoa farms resist transforming land . 2014, CAFECAO participated contest Impact Hub Fellowship BioTrade won place. received seed funding tailor- coaching topics required CAFECAO. success, CAFECAO developing corporate image company products, obtaining sanitary permits products National Institute Food Drug Monitoring (INVIMA). permits essential selling products stores. addition, BioTrade enabling company distribute sell products stores country. CAFECAO leading work aromatic herbs project, jointly SENA-Huila Carabineers Division, drying herbs commercializing infusions. aromatic herbs project involves 22 families displaced individuals women head households Community 8 Neiva city, critical location high poverty rate displaced individuals.25 project, main greenhouse located carabineers property, plants produced distributed sow family gardens owned beneficiaries. , herbs collected dried, packed bags commercialized herbal infusions. families receiving coaching produce high quality essential oils support SENA- Huila. future, CAFECAO aims incorporate group suppliers essential oils veterinary product line development. Figure 5. Products COSMETICOS CAFECAO .. Photo credit: Diana Milena Pedroza Obando, CAFECAO. 19BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA future promising Diana Oliva, dream sell products shelves main distributors nationwide real support Impact Hub Fellowship BioTrade. , expect industrialize CAFECAO’ production processes EMPRENDER Fund contest won 2015. perseverance entrepreneurship traits enabled CAFECAO grow, promoting “advance holding hands ” (“avanzar todos de la mano”, stated). 4.3 Corporació Biocomercio Sostenible (CBS)26 CBS27 supported development BioTrade initiatives 21 Departments Colombia, includes affected conflict: Antioquia, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Cauca, Cesar, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Meta, Nariñ, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Risalda, Sanander, Sucre, Tolima Valle del Cauca. , supported 130 initiatives working honey, -timber forest products, flowers, artisanal fisheries, handicrafts, fruits nature-based tourism. conflict-affected settings, CBS developed chain linkages selected biodiversity- based products services strategy conserve biodiversity generated opportunities peacebuilding. Corporació developed tools methodologies based community-based approach, fostering local development strengthen institutional linkages local department levels. methodologies enable identification promising biodiversity-based products support development chain approach. partnership SENA UNDP, SENA EMPRENDE RURAL programme Figure 6. Products beneficiaries supported CBS Photo credit: CBS. 20 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: CBS’ methodologies develop train--trainers programme leaders instructors 26 departments - 20 post-conflict departments prioritized Ministry Post-Conflict (: Bolivar, Casanare, ésar, Cordoba, Guaviare, Magdalena). Similarly, partnership National Natural Parks Colombia CBS, 50 staff community leaders 10 national parks Caribbean, Pacific, Amazon Andean regions trained. methodology aimed enhance capacity identify develop chains related sustainable tourism initiatives, handicrafts fishing, link national market. pilots developed post-conflict departments La Guajira (Macuira National Natural Park) Nariñ (Sanquianga National Natural Park). pilot Amazonas Department (Cahuinarí National Park). CBS tools methodologies identify strengthen biodiversity-based productive chains implemented field reached post-conflict areas strategic ecosystems (protected areas, buffer zones, dry high mountain forests. Arcos (interview) state ¨CBS aims build sustainable territories inclusion vulnerable groups -combatants sustainable biodiversity economic alterative¨. CBS work closely regional environmental authorities departments. partnership regional environmental authority “Corpoamazonia”, CBS developed green business assessment Departments Amazonas, Caqueta Putumayo. identified 176 initiatives working crafts, tourism, -timber forest products, flowers, fishes, agroindustry, . Business plans developed 45 existing initiatives, business businesses. joint efforts entrepreneurs, Corpoamazonia CBS, investment channeled 20 businesses working ecotourism, NTFPs, handicrafts, natural ingredients, coffee, specialty cocoa Amazon fruits. average investment initiative approximately $2,700 (5,000,000 Colombian pesos) buy inputs, tools, access trainings, designing corporate images, product standardization, (Arcos interview November 2017). Finally, interesting developed Department Antioquia, project testimonies beneficiaries presented . 4.3.1 CBS ISAGEN ... project (2010– 2013)28 Andean region Colombia endowed rich biodiversity due landscape, altitude, microclimates, factors, enabling existence 10,000 species. rich resources, region high deforestation rate estimated 80,000 hectares Andean forest year (Burgos al, 2014). importance protecting Andean forests led CBS ISAGEN ...29 establish partnership promoting BioTrade 100,250 km2 Andean forest area conserved protected ISAGEN ... BioTrade dual goal conserve biodiversity generate additional income local communities centre Colombian mountain region, Eastern Antioquia Caldas. , project focused municipalities San Carlos San Rafael Antioquia Department municipalities Manzanares, Marqueltalia, Victoria Norcasia Caldas Department. project collaborated local government entities municipalities regional autonomous corporations, community- based associations, NGOs stakeholders working target area. Assessment activities carried identify potential BioTrade products services supported, operational initiatives working target region. Market studies developed assess demand side selected products. studies assessed potential initiatives region establish feasible businesses dealing ecotourism, NTFPs, sustainable agroforestry systems apiculture. 2010, CBS identified 48 companies, 58 cent located Antioquia 42 cent Caldas, account social, environmental legal considerations. Targeted technical assistance initiative gaps identified assessments, covering themes business management, processing, logistics, marketing -funding. chain approach introduced beneficiaries order strengthen businesses, foster regional development, promote collaboration competitive based sustainable resources, cultural recognition equitable sharing benefits. 21BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA communities affected conflict displaced individuals, receiving assistance overcome build / recover livelihoods. project, guided BioTrade’ Principles Criteria chain methodology, built capacities local initiatives technical assistance, training grants. -funding , instance, processing equipment instruments, building compost bins, acquiring beehives, establishing family gardens, developing company branding legal constitution companies. BioTrade generated positive livelihood impacts conflict-affected displaced families examples. 4.3.2 Developing solidified sugarcane juice Antioquia Rodolfo Giraldo’ family producing panela (solidified sugarcane juice) traditionally grandfather built mill 70 years . animal traction mill adequate process sugarcane long working hours (3am 5pm) wasted. 1995, Rodolfo, brother--law, began thinking introducing machine mill sugarcane. , undermined factors, including presence armed groups fought control area 1998. enhanced violence, insecurity, fear humiliation local families caused flee area. Rodolfo family basic belongings horse – mill sugarcane – fled municipality’ capital city. 14 months, decided return, families stayed put. Rodolfo family started scratch, survival difficult main routes closed, rendering products marketable regions cities Medellin. , brother--law killed conflict. , continued milling sugarcane manually, horse, life gradually returned normal 2000 onwards. 2011, CBS ISAGEN ... -funded Rodolfo obtain sugarcane mill machine, compost bin, family garden trees (fruits timber) diversify -hectare farm, promote food security implement good practices conserve biodiversity. received capacity- building activities GAP. , mill processes 10–12 arrobas (147–176 kgs) panela benefits families harvest sugarcane jointly mill Rodolfo’ machine. benefits generated panela sales equitably distributed participating mill. 4.3.3 Developing sustainable tourism initiatives Antioquia region, due ecosystems, species, climate landscape, huge tourism potential, security established. CBS/ISAGEN .. project identified key tourist attractions initiatives strengthened order contribute biodiversity conservation, enhance local livelihoods economically feasible. examples . initiative ecotourism centre “Los Lagos” family business headed Leonel Rendon Municipality San Rafael (Antioquia), rural community Manila. Family fishing family business activity, prosperous armed groups visited region violence intimidation arose. Leonel family decided stay farm risks fear, find harvested forest food – living urban areas. armed groups left area, Leonel decided rebuild fish farm sell fish . business progressed, started offering recreational fishing activities. CBS ISAGEN ... project supported creation ecological trail tailored capacity- building activities enhance ecotourism centre tourist services . business continues grow received support local stakeholders reforestation activities promotional campaigns (.. inclusion department’ tourism offer). loan, Leonel expanded fish farms set rooms accommodating clients fish morning walk forest trail. Leonel ten fish farms 13,000–14,000 fish. experience Estrella de Jesú Echeverry, La Granja, Municipality San Rafael. entrepreneur sole responsibility daughters husband killed paramilitaries front house. incident, live community weeks, decided return home manage farm. progress developing livelihoods, military groups continued visit home food (chickens fish). 22 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: gave ; continuing advance build future family. Fortunately, received support local institutions Corporació Autonoma Regional de las Cuencas de los íos Negro Nare, Codesarrollo ( Social Ambiental Foundation) (Social ambiental, 2014), Fondo para la Acció Ambiental municipality’ government aimed supporting violence-affected populations 20 municipalities Antioquia agriculture activities (.. poultry, family gardens). addition, Estrella participated reforestation programmes led local organizations benefited ISAGEN ... training activities develop apiculture. received 19 hives equipment manage . project, additional capacity-building activities developed enhanced participants’ (including Estrella) knowledge management apiculture Meliponini bees. , training ecotourism implementation good practices tools environmental conservation, compost bin 100 fruit timber trees. support enabled obtain additional income beekeeping, tourist attractions farm offers (.. fish farming). dream business continue growing offer tourist services (.. accommodation) visitors. 4.4 MADS Green Business Generation Programme Green Sustainable Business Office MADS aims promote instruments tools support economic decisions contributing conservation sustainable biodiversity renewable natural resources, promote business strategies enhance conservation environment, biodiversity genetic resources, framework develop competitive productive sectors high environmental component (translated Quintero, 2016). Office implements National Green Business Plan 2014, responding National Development Plan 2014-2018. 2015, MADS launched Green Business Generation Programme support European Union. Programme, aims “improve opportunities income generation vulnerable communities green sustainable businesses, context sustainable biodiversity” (MADS, 2017). targets 653 green sustainable businesses generated supported 2016-2019, covering 60.56 cent ( 195) municipalities listed Ministry Post-conflict (MADS, 2016). programme, MADS enhances capacities environmental authorities department defined Regional Green Business Plans action plans. actions focus conservation environment means supports local development. environmental authority creates Green Window identify, support monitor development green businesses 12 green business criteria30 defined Green Sustainable Business Office/MADS. environmental authorities focused developing network business providers, complementing offer sustainable management natural resources business management market issues. , collaborating business chambers, universities, NGOs, government entities programmes. components implemented achieve objective, (MADS 2016 Quintero interview 2017): • Institutional strengthening: focusing enhancing capacity Environmental Authorities departments Colombia supporting implementation Regional Green Business Plans operation Green Windows. supports regional authorities identify articulate organizations enhance services support green businesses. • Green business development strengthening: verifying compliance green business 12 green businesses criteria, improvement plans developed technical assistance . , 400 businesses supported 15 Departments Colombia. 2016 , 38 cent 154 businesses supported BioTrade category, including -timber forest products, nature-based tourism products derived wild fauna (MADS, 2017). assistance training includes business management implementation biodiversity-friendly practices, supporting participation national trade fair BIO Expo. biggest national trade fair green businesses Colombia seventh edition organized Barranquilla October 2017. programme 23BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA supports development differentiation schemes (.. development green sustainable label). market-related support coordination Colombian Ministry Trade, Industry Tourism. • Processes instruments strengthen businesses competitiveness: developing tools support verification green business criteria development business improvement plans. programme supports regional environmental authorities carry monitoring evaluation system, communication raise awareness campaigns. addition, Office providing training -combatants returnees environmental issues, including development green businesses. widely demanded -combatants returnees ways integrated civil life development feasible business. MADS joined SENA delivering green businesses development focusing sustainable criteria, combines face--face virtual participation work, Green Sustainable Business Office/MADS aims contribute environmentally stable peace Colombia. 4.5 Final comments Colombia starts peaceful development phase, door opens promoting sustainable businesses enhances livelihoods rural marginalized communities, returnees -combatants. rich biodiversity areas considered unsecured open researchers scientist inventory design conservation sustainable plans initiatives. Colombia Bio initiatives aim capture opportunity 20 Bio Expeditions underway 2016–2018 (Colciencias, 2017b). rich biodiversity conserved accessible source economic activity building livelihoods social, environmental economic sustainable criteria. Peace Agreement highlights importance improving living conditions countryside, necessarily emphasize importance sustainable natural resources, including biodiversity, play process. stakeholders governments, private sector, civil society cooperation, local organizations support mainstreaming biodiversity post- conflict process programmes ground. , comprehensive approach mainstream biodiversity, including BioTrade, national level built existing national programmes policies. , National Development Plan (2014-2018) promotion Green growth, Colombian Sustainable Consumption Production Policy, MADS National Green Business Plan, Colombia´ adhesion OECD Green Growth Declaration (Quintero interview 2017). examples section show BioTrade promoting livelihoods conflict affected regions Colombia, basis build post-conflict process biodiversity sustainably. development green businesses, including BioTrade, strategy enhances -reliance resilience conflict affected communities, returnees -combatants. recognized UNDP (UNDP, 2014) Colombian International Cooperation Roadmap 2015–2018 (APC, 2015). progress , efforts needed consolidate results, address expectations arise post-conflict process. Limited resources ( human financial) institutional support, enabling policy environment challenges BioTrade biodiversity stakeholders address contributing long-lasting sustainable stable peace. 24 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: 5. PEACEBUILDING AND THE NUTMEG VALUE CHAIN IN ACEH SELATAN, INDONESIA (UNCTAD–UNDP)31 UNCTAD started collaborating UNDP’ BCPR 2009, exploring joint areas foster economic livelihood recovery, sustainable biodiversity trade derived products services. BCPR UNCTAD BioTrade working Colombia Indonesia, capitalizing natural synergy , pilot project implemented June 2010 December 2011 develop nutmeg chain Aceh Selatan, Indonesia UNDP’ “ Gender-Responsive Approach Reintegration Peace Stabilization: Pilot Project Aceh Selatan” ( Box 4). project’ Component 2: Economic support vulnerable persons, focus women, UNCTAD contributed BioTrade Initiative facilitate recovery empowerment community’ economy development nutmeg chain BioTrade Principles Criteria. section presents main results lessons learned. 5.1 Peacebuilding Aceh Selatan, Indonesia Owing 17,508 islands diverse population hundreds ethnic groups, Indonesia’ struggle stay united peaceful perpetual challenge. Additionally, 2004 2013, Indonesia ranked world’ disaster-prone country registering largest number people affected / killed (UNESCAP, 2014). mega-earthquake tsunami hit South Asia 26 December 2004 worst toll human lives livelihoods Aceh Selatan, coastal province. Prior massive natural disasters, province suffering 30-year conflict central government separatist group Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka GAM). (Doocy al, 2007; United Nations Information Management Service, Office United Nations Recovery Coordinator Aceh Nia, 2005; UNEP, 2007.) August 2005, Government Indonesia Free Aceh Movement signed Helsinki Memorandum Understanding ended conflict Aceh Province (Large Large, 2008; BBC, 2105a).32 conflict affected province negatively limiting physical, social economic development increased gender-based violence women (Trinurini-Adhi Wuriati, 2012). Disparities urban rural population risen poverty rates increasing proportionally distance urban areas. cent Aceh’ households lived poverty line, 50 cent living rural areas (Trinurini- Adhi Wuriati, 2012). tackle challenges, Gender-Responsive Approach Reintegration Peace Stabilization Project implemented support UNDP BCPR’ Bureau Development Policy UNDP Target Resource Assignment Core (TRAC) funds. project implemented bigger umbrella project, Peace Development, cooperation UNDP Country Office Indonesia National Box 4. UNDP Gender-responsive approach Reintegration Peace Stabilization Project, June 2010–December 2011 project designed address adverse impacts conflict women rural areas Aceh Selatan, Indonesia. strengthened participatory conflict-sensitive development planning pilot villages Aceh Selatan individual institutional capacity building improve legal, psychosocial economic services vulnerable people, women. Initiatives pilot project applied local government. project’ output, relating BioTrade, provide “economic support 450 vulnerable persons, focus women, including female -combatants (FXC), women armed forces groups (WAAFGs) conflict victims (focus GBV victims), high conflict villages involvement supply chain selected BioTrade products/services.” Sources: Trinurini-Adhi Wuriati, 2012; Suhud (interview); UNDP Government Indonesia, 2012. 25BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) 2006 mid-2012 (Suhud, interview). UNDP project, Component 2: Economic support vulnerable persons, included BioTrade strategic alternative support ( community- based approach) reintegration women, including female -combatants, women armed forces groups conflict victims Aceh Selatan. Aceh Selatan coastal district covering 3,842 km2 80 cent land Leuser Ecosystem33 70 cent conservation areas protected forests. district high biodiversity evidenced largest remaining population critically endangered Sumatran tiger, elephants, orangutans 90 cent mammal species IUCN Red List critically endangered species. conservation sustainable management territory essential survival species health Leuser Ecosystem (UNCTAD, UNDP UNEP, 2010). Aceh Selatan comprises 18 -districts capital Tapaktuan. district renowned nutmeg – fruit, mace dried seeds – commercialized spice essential oil. Nutmeg oil marketed Medan Padang Indonesia, exported Asia, Australia Europe (Aziz, 2009). practice, women traditionally involved production nutmeg syrup sweets, generally sold locally. 5.2 UNDP–UNCTAD peacebuilding BioTrade project UNCTAD BioTrade chain methodology guided intervention, enabling holistic approach, addressed steps stakeholders chain -farm cultivation commercialization added products. started developing BioTrade assessment Aceh Selatan, included identification initiatives native species , analysis demand supply. , potential chains identified, mapped screened based social, economic environmental criteria inputs national international experts. participatory assessment chain workshop organized Medan Figure 7. Nutmeg collectors sweets female producer fruit sweets, Aceh district Photo credit: Lorena Jaramillo Castro 26 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: September 2010 chain stakeholders (producers, processors, industry, government, academia, NGOs international cooperation agencies), nutmeg chain selected. field trip organized , inputs gathered, workplan formulated subsequently implemented develop nutmeg chain. , nutmeg established choice important product Aceh’ economy culture shown Box 5. ensure BioTrade considered approach support environmentally sensitive livelihoods recovery programming , information practices lessons learned BioTrade development UNDP’ post-crisis livelihoods recovery, inclusiveness, employment economic revitalization policies. , UNCTAD-UNDP partnership ensured existing resources tools BioTrade Initiative, pilot project’ guidance methodologies adapted incorporate principles conflict sensitivity, gender responsiveness resilience future disasters conflicts aid post-crisis livelihoods practitioners. Box 5. Aceh Selatan nutmeg pilot project Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) pala Bahasa Indonesia historical cultural commodity generated livelihoods communities regions Indonesia, Aceh Province, 500 years. 2013 world production nutmeg oil reached 600 tonnes, 40 cent (280 tonnes) Aceh Province (Forpala, 2015). Nutmeg trees tropical evergreen trees indigenous Indonesia fruits ( derivatives) long traded globe Indonesia major nutmeg producer globally. Production environmentally friendly developed policulture methods, .. mixed plants patchouli, coconut areca. parts nutmeg fruit aromatic, common products include: seeds mace ( food processing industry) essential oils ( food, cosmetics perfume industry). district Aceh Selatan nation’ main producers nutmeg. armed conflict, majority nutmeg farmers producers limited access maintain nutmeg plantations due insecurity. , nutmeg trees severely affected pests diseases, rendering 60–80 cent plants damaged unproductive. peace agreement, farmers continued depend nutmeg key income source, trees unproductive damaged, farmers looked jobs changed production focus, alternatives severely limited time. , paucity feasible livelihood opportunities posed ( continue pose) significant risk peaceful development district (Ruhanawati, 2012a). UNCTAD-UNDP intervention BioTrade Aceh Selatan began reintegration phase, years peace agreement, economic reintegration actions -combatants conflict-affected communities essential. stage, BioTrade concepts methodologies contribute practical environmentally friendly socioeconomic alternatives generating employment income based sustainable nutmeg commercialization derived products (Ruhanawati, 2012). part project, constraints limit development chain identified jointly chain actors, including grassroots communities, traders, industries, government, academia NGOs. nutmeg crops’ exposure pests diseases major concerns prioritized assessment phase actions developed tackle issue. key issues considered organization sector (.. creation association similar), enhancement quality nutmeg derived products, increase product diversification, market information access (UNCTAD, UNDP UNEP, 2010). sources: FAO, 1995. 27BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA Technical assistance , instance, challenges identified, address problems pests diseases nutmeg trees, foster associations enhance production practices. Access markets key concern project implementation, contacts cooperation global leaders fragrance flavour industry ( potential buyers), import promotion initiatives Dutch Centre Promotion Imports developing countries Swiss Import Promotion Programme, market experts stakeholders part UNCTAD’ BioTrade network. 5.3 Achievements 5.3.1 Nutmeg-based organizations major accomplishments project creation Nutmeg Forum ( Forum Pala, Forpala) Nutmeg Cooperative Aceh Selatan. project set basis legal support Forpala established, including developing vision, mission, objective operation. strong foundation commitment members, Forpala operational continuously received strong support local government international cooperation. Forpala formally established Aceh Selatan December 2010, event attended representatives local government, academia, nutmeg farmers, traders representatives relevant sector associations, Indonesian Essential Oils Council. forum’ main goal enhance economic welfare “nutmeg community” strengthened collaboration cooperation farmers, producers, distillers local government. aims promote nutmeg products improve services offered farmers producers training capacity-building activities framework forum. Forpala built lessons learned Coffee Forum established Aceh Partnerships Economic Development (APED) project supported UNDP Indonesia, UNCTAD’ BioTrade experience world. (UNDP, 2012; Ruhanawati, 2012a). key achievements Forpala support received local authorities, “ establishment Forum Pala successfully advocated South Aceh Government (Forestry Plantation Agency (Dishutbun), Agency Food Security Agriculture Facilitation (BKP3), Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA) continue pilot intervention improve nutmeg production marketing development plan” (Trinurini-Adhi Wuriati, 2012). months Forpala founded, Nutmeg Cooperative established basis advice UNCTAD business actors. Reports cooperative increasing access credit producers involved nutmeg chain. addition, financial technical assistance United States Agency International Development (USAID) Indonesian Forestry Climate Support (IFACS) project supports Forpala’ activities developing nutmeg chain (UNDP, 2012; Ruhanawati, 2012a; Forpala, 2015).  effort enhance economic productivity nutmeg commodity, workshop nutmeg business development organized Aceh Selatan October 2011. broad range stakeholders nutmeg sector attended, government private sectors, academia civil society. Tapaktuan Agreement key outcome workshop. agreement commits wide range stakeholders ( Government Aceh Selatan, Provincial Government Aceh, Directorate Plantation Ministry Forestry, private sector, farmers, producers, research institutions, universities nutmeg-producing districts provinces Indonesia) continued advocacy support developing nutmeg chain (UNDP, 2012; Ruhanawati, 2012a). 5.3.2 Capacity-building activities technical assistance project started, nutmeg trees lost due years damage destruction pests diseases, farmers’ lacked knowledge combat. project commissioned Indonesian Spice Industrial Crops Research Institute (Balittri) conduct research issue. farmers benefited demonstration plots set apply pest disease control techniques aimed improving nutmeg farming methods. , nutmeg producers farmers received technical assistance field extension workers trained cultivation pest disease management ( Box 6). 28 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: Figure 8. Workshop Tapaktuan Agreement signed Photo credit: UNDP Indonesia Box 6. Testimonials beneficiary project’ capacity-building activities Abdurrahman (nutmeg farmer businessman) “ insurgency, people ( men) Aceh Selatan scared pursue usual economic activities fear caught violent fights government GAM. People abandoned farms security reasons. . grow areca nuts, mango trees nutmeg trees. returned farm conflict, nutmeg trees destroyed pests. didn’ . Luckily, Forpala offered training nutmeg plant grafting encouraged learn techniques protect farm. activities offered Forpala interesting decided manage farm plant nutmeg trees. nutmeg farm completely pest-free feel confident continue growing nutmeg. takes time, ’ harvesting nutmeg fruits future, , master cultivation quality nutmeg trees.” Source: Ruhanawati, 2012a. positive indication government support project implemented, district level Dishutbun BK3P replicated training nutmeg cultivation practices, pest management post-harvest 2012 (Trinurini-Adhi Wuriati, 2012; UNDP, 2012; Ruhanawati, 2012a). complement activities field, project included training develop commercialize quality added products nutmeg, including sweets, syrups essential oils. Women led production sweets syrups houses effectively enhancing source income project. beneficiaries diversified markets ventured selling products districts ( Box 7) (Ruhanawati, 2012a). total 516 nutmeg producers 182 farmers participated trained pilot project, 50 cent women (UNDP, 2012). result, nutmeg producers farmers enhanced farming practices applying methods increase productivity. Additionally, evident awareness importance managing pests diseases; local government committed planned allocate funds district’ autonomous fund control nutmeg pest diseases. project strengthened local institutions empowered provide technical assistance beneficiaries. Guidance farmers group management benefits working BKP3 (UNDP, 2012; Ruhanawati, 2012a). essence, work undertaken UNCTAD UNDP BioTrade enabled local organizations : • Provide business vocational skills training women, including training trainers, women entrepreneurs provide counselling skills training communities. • Establish linkages private sector credit savings groups stabilize newly created existing enterprises. • Encourage marginalized poor women save income-generating investments unforeseen expenses. • Promote market access women entrepreneurs, .. opportunities participate trade fairs. capacity building activities Forpala’ participation provincial level trade exhibition ( activities cooperative 29BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA established) allowed initial turnover IDR 13 million ($1,480) encouraged members add products obtaining food health permits, improve techniques processing refining nutmeg oil, enhance packaging nutmeg food products diversify nutmeg food products appealing national international markets. resulted improved bargaining strength increase demand nutmeg products. project, 16 - districts area started grow nutmeg produce products derived nutmeg fruit seed sugared candies syrup, spice essential oil. product forms part chain important economic livelihood targeted groups communities. increase interest actors chain intervention created incentives opportunities small business innovation investment. increased access financing economic support Forpala strengthened support crisis-affected people (including -combatants internally displaced people), 40 cent women, , due local customary laws cultural values, benefit reintegration programme benefits post-crises (UNDP, 2013). Forpala’ capacity relevant institutions support women’ economic empowerment strengthened women’ employability post crisis Aceh Selatan enhanced ( Box 8, Ruhanawati, 2012a). 5.4 Final comments pilot project Aceh Selatan assessed recognized relevance BioTrade reintegration option post-conflict settings. results achieved (UNDP, 2012), integrated positive behavioural multi-stakeholders, improved mutual trust, awareness Box 7. Testimonials women beneficiaries project’ enhancement commercial nutmeg Yusnida (mother, businesswoman nutmeg business advocate) “ working nutmeg food products long remember passionate business helped family financially years. sell nutmeg sweets desserts Indonesia establishment Forpala Aceh Selatan happy share experiences start nutmeg sweets business. don’ mind people involved nutmeg business attending Forpala’ trainings workshops (beginners business) positive challenge innovate products aware great nutmeg products . feel privileged promote represent Aceh Selatan’ nutmeg industry trade fairs expos country. ’ lot future. , time spent creating recipes assisting Forpala .” Raini (housewife businesswoman) “ attended training held Nutmeg Forum (sponsored UNDP-UNCTAD) , presence Aceh Selatan changed life ordinary housewife mother nutmeg product producer. profits nutmeg traders farmers training participants shared ways capitalize nutmeg- based products. encouraged nutmeg cakes sell . 2012, business steadily grown. 300 pre-ordered packages month confident regular demand products . Nutmeg part life change people village. nutmeg trees planted realize potential . Forpala UNDP-UNCTAD, changed life village .” Source: Ruhanawati, 2012a. 30 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: communities’ guardianship rehabilitation process cohesive approach peace, development livelihood recovery – contribute building peaceful inclusive societies Aceh Selatan, Indonesia. Environmental benefits generated project evidenced district head Aceh Selatan issuing “perda peraturan paerah (local regulation) regulates prohibition catching, caging killing specific bird species predator pest/worm feeds roots nutmeg tree trunk. issuance perda policy supports supply chain nutmeg Aceh Selatan district.” (Suhud, interview). technical assistance financial support UNDP UNCTAD’ BioTrade Initiative project’ life span, enabled establishment Forpala organization leads development nutmeg Aceh Selatan. UNDP’ final project report (2012) stated: “ promotion nutmeg BioTrade commod- ity Aceh Selatan success. project integrates holistic approach addressed steps chain process, -farm cultivation -farm marketing. Prior inter- vention, potential nutmeg explored comprehensively. skills knowledge attitudes community government changed significantly actors brought Forpala...” (UNDP, 2012). project opened opportunities practitioners understand implement tailored approaches environment, peace, reintegration livelihood recovery Aceh Selatan. Forpala strengthened continues operate conclusion UNDP-UNCTAD project. , financial technical support Forpala USAID IFACS, local government cooperation ( Box 8). Box 8. Forpala activities conclusion UNDP-UNCTAD pilot project Forpala aims increase family income South Aceh enhancing nutmeg chain, goals: • Improve skills knowledge practices nutmeg planting; emphasising integrated pest disease control. • Improve skills knowledge farmers producing high quality nutmeg oils derived products, food products. • Improve quality branding, packaging market penetration nutmeg oil, food beverages. • Strengthen Forpala multi-stakeholder forum nutmeg producers districts South Aceh. Forpala beneficiary USAID IFACS project. worked collaboration local government implement activities benefit farmers South Aceh districts. examples outputs achieved USAID IFACTs project : • Establishment network districts, benefiting 225 households. • Study visits organized Aceh Coffee Forum Cooperative Baburrayyan, benefiting 22 participants districts, addition Forpala board project team. • Continued implementation nutmeg pest controls support Balittri Syiah Kuala University (UNSYIAH). • Trained 618 nutmeg farmers 11 districts mitigate damage caused pests diseases, implement good agriculture environmentally friendly practices, including production compost. • Conducted training preparation nutmeg derived products sweets, instant beverages sauces. Source: Forpala, 2015. 31BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 General conclusions recommendations Biodiversity basis healthy functioning ecosystems services satisfy populations – .. food, shelter, medicine, livelihood, clean water nutrient cycling soils. post- crisis countries areas high biodiversity, globally / regionally significant species ecosystems exist. countries emerge crisis, meeting basic populations vital recovery necessitates healthy functioning ecosystems. Ensuring recovery promoting livelihoods result sustainable biodiversity develop trade products services. unique products services advantage country’ biodiversity offer growing market demand enhance wellbeing inhabitants. precisely BioTrade . develops sustainable livelihoods, builds resilience prosperity countries affected conflict safeguarding biodiversity. enhances social cohesion accountability participatory inclusive approaches facilitate spaces dialogue reaching consensus common objective. , chain approach creates income- generating opportunities livelihood options, enable participation chain stakeholders informed concerted decision-making local, regional national levels. contributes building peaceful societies, strengthening institutions building enabling policy environments. conflict- affected areas, UNCTAD international local partners (.. UNDP, MADS, CAF, Fondo Biocomercio CBS) developed environmentally socially responsible initiatives based economic empowerment resilience. BioTrade fosters transparency regular flow information communication stakeholders involved. generating conditions mechanisms fair equitable sharing benefits derived biodiversity, BioTrade creates individual collective gains (.. community, company, business local government). Individual collective gains captured stakeholders involved avoid relapse conflict. BioTrade Principle 3, instance, contributes fair equitable distribution benefits - discriminatory participation chain stakeholders, essential peacebuilding. issues ingredients conducive building trust sustainable long-term peace. positive results lessons learned shown Box 9. Enhancing livelihoods economic opportunities beneficiaries requires active collaboration actors institutions (UNEP-UNDP, 2013). case Indonesia, Forpala, Nutmeg Cooperative related government - government institutions, implemented chain strategy, covering cultivation, processing, marketing trading. efforts engage enterprises strengthening supply chains linking local producers farmers markets (UNDP, 2012). Similarly, experiences shown Colombia, demonstrate MADS jointly regional environmental authorities developing local plans support development green businesses, foster coherent policy environment build network service providers satisfy business . Governance hand enabling policy environment conducive BioTrade business fundamental post-conflict BioTrade initiatives. BioTrade’ positive contribution recognized international level (.. Operational Guide Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization Reintegration Standards, United Nations publications) national level. instance Colombia, BioTrade acknowledged policies, strategies studies Colombian International Cooperation Roadmap 2015–2018 (APC, 2015), MADS National Green Business Plan, UNDP study (2014) building stable, peaceful sustainable peace Colombia. , recognition implemented pragmatic norms, guidelines, actions funding foster BioTrade post-conflict businesses chains. 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development SDGs emphasize importance promoting pillars sustainable development harmonized integrated 32 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: manner. Peace ( inclusive societies), Planet (environmental sustainability), People (sustainable livelihoods), Prosperity, Partnerships (established instance chain approach) cornerstones agenda. solid ground implementing BioTrade contributing SDGs 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 17. illustrated Indonesia Colombia experiences, BioTrade providing concrete examples support achievement SDGs. 6.2 BioTrade peacebuilding post-conflict recovery processes BioTrade share similar goals peace efforts post-conflict settings, facilitate reintegration -combatants conflict-affected groups. contributes livelihood component developing economic activities targeting groups biodiversity-friendly manner. BioTrade complements - peacebuilding post-conflict recovery efforts. experience nutmeg chain Indonesia demonstrated complementary works. development chain BioTrade helped ensure conservation management biodiversity trade products supported pillar sustainable, inclusive peaceful development. UNCTAD UNDP collaboration supported livelihoods vulnerable populations recovering damaging impacts armed conflict sustainably biodiversity trading derived products services. similarities BioTrade beneficiary organizations post-conflict settings isolated -conflict regions, instance terms social, economic environmental issues. face similar challenges related limited access markets finance, infrastructure, added products services, weak governance. , limited infrastructure isolates initiatives commercial channels, result higher production costs, mismatch market Box 9. Positive results lessons develop BioTrade post-conflict settings • Promotes territorial development rural areas developing unique products services, chains sectors part culture, tradition livelihoods local communities. raises awareness biodiversity critical livelihood resource rural communities. illustrated, , nutmeg case Indonesia. • Enhances governance institutional strengthening collaborative approach increases capacity local national government civil society drive entrepreneurship favour sustainable businesses based biodiversity. • Identifies develops business opportunities rural areas resulting socially environmentally responsible micro- SMEs part broader chains. initiatives innovate surrounding biodiversity generating triple bottom line, traditional agricultural crops livestock. • Increases resilience -reliance -combatants, returnees host communities. mixture economic activities nature-based tourism, crafts personal care products BioTrade enhances resilience beneficiaries businesses. • Fosters entrepreneurship environmental, social economic criteria joint inter- institutional effort local, national international levels. actors collaborate tackle broad beneficiaries build lessons learned success cases. examples relate creating enabling policy environment, network business support organizations, funding, adequate infrastructure, access markets. • Demonstrates sustainable biodiversity . collaborative effort combined research enhanced knowledge biodiversity define plans conserve manage sustainably. areas conserved due security concerns, alternative businesses suitable conserve rich biodiversity. 33BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA demand product’ quality quantity, addition limited access funding. , conflict settings level development challenges faced higher. Micro businesses SMEs encounter constraints reduce capacity commercialize products, access raw materials inputs forests regions due security concerns infrastructure. Finding expertise areas (.. field agronomists) challenge shown Colombian experience. Developing joint BioTrade post-conflict reintegration programmes require expertise broad variety issues specific circumstances area inhabitants. issues include, instance, socio-economic emotional wellbeing. work macro, meso micro levels strengthening institutional local capacities skills, building network service providers satisfy beneficiaries duration project. Addressing post-conflict BioTrade initiatives broader entailing assistance multiple stakeholders backgrounds expertise. relate governance, business association development, market access, conflict management, psychosocial legal support, gender-based violence, social cohesion awareness, enhancing infrastructure, . , involve implementing conflict-sensitive approaches providing effective services -combatants conflict-affected communities psychosocial support, life skills development, gender-based violence prevention (UNDP-UNCTAD, date). timeframe needed support implementation activities enabling stakeholders gain trust achieve concerted efforts longer post-conflict situations. fundamental provide sufficient time dialogue, sharing ideas, expertise, expectations, building consensus. instance, agreed criteria roles responsibilities developed concerted manner validated actors. turn, generates trust, accountability working relationships stakeholders. Combining BioTrade post-conflict recovery programmes, takes time adequately planned budgeted. Conceptualizing initiatives supported market driven approach essential, , create business culture social environmental principles outset. Beneficiaries involved contribute programme (-kind / monetary), creating ownership accountability. Building realistic assessments baseline identify challenges, opportunities strengths beneficiaries chain/ sector . Based information, technical assistance programmes developed, adequate timeframe budget. building momentum support actions undertaken, mixture short-term long-term results helps demonstrate viability intervention. instance, achieving short-term results motivates actors continue involved programme, long-term results sustainable. Developing implementing exit strategies needed implementing post-conflict BioTrade programmes. Premature exit technical assistance maturity initiatives beneficiaries’ empowerment detrimental achievement long-term results. lack uncertainty funding compromise ability move pilot phase. leads sporadic strategic leadership, lack comprehensive strategies, duplication efforts areas, waste resources efforts eventually, failure put place conditions long-term sustainable recovery. uncertainty continuity project implementation due financing constraints, status activities implemented beset question sustainability. Building strong beneficiary organizations, enhancing support government relevant stakeholders, foster commitment, empowerment -reliance beneficiaries sought programme implementation. Summary complementarities differences BioTrade peacebuilding post- conflict recovery initiatives Table 2. 6.3 Building social cohesion concerted efforts conflict settings, BioTrade programmes target conflict-affected groups, aim “leave ”. programme undertake actions develop win-win initiatives stakeholders gain, individually collectively. 34 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: Table 2. Complementarities differences BioTrade post-conflict peacebuilding Issue BioTrade Peacebuilding post-conflict recovery al ob je ct iv es • trade enabler supports conservation sustainable biodiversity, promotes benefit sharing develop sustainable livelihoods policy pragmatic support. • BioTrade Principles Criteria assess guide interventions economic, social, environmental sustainability criteria. • Engages government, private sector, civil society, academia international cooperation, , common objective promote local sustainable development, build social cohesion governance, enable dialogue collaboration. • Establishes sustainable reintegration options -combatants, internally displaced people conflict- affected community members. • Recognizes conflicts fuelled disputes natural resources, relapse conflict years . • sited rural areas agriculturally based. • Addresses role natural resources supporting livelihoods. pl em en ta rit • BioTrade alternative legal livelihoods, rich-biodiversity areas affected conflict dynamics, complementing UNDP peacebuilding, conflict-sensitivity reintegration programmes. UNCTAD partners´ technical expertise, methodologies market connections, enable development economic generation activities environmentally socially friendly, minimizing risk biodiversity loss. • Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization Reintegration Standards (IDDRS) (United Nations, 2006), recognize BioTrade economic social reintegration opportunity natural resources management implemented disarmament, demobilization reintegration programmes. (IAWG-DDR, 2014). Colombia, BioTrade recognized studies programmes supported government national international organizations. ha lle ng es • challenges inherent reintegration post-conflict programmes, BioTrade. Combining concepts challenge. actors supporting working post-conflict BioTrade necessarily , background experience. Communication, transparency, collaborative participatory approaches involves actors adequate planning fundamental. • involve conflict-sensitive inclusive programmes address specific target group, generating win- win opportunities chain stakeholders communities programme area. • Create economically feasible initiatives continue time, logistical, infrastructure technical challenges faced due remote locations. Programmes conflict-affected settings lack infrastructure, remote suffer limited cooperation trust public private entities; producers tend isolated commercial channels, governance limited, institutions weak. visualize obtain results circumstances, takes time, patience resources, project implementers manage beneficiaries’ expectations realistic manner. • Achieve sustainability interventions, project completed, fundamental. depends level empowerment, ownership, commitment, trust -reliance actors involved. programme implementation, implementers build strong beneficiary organizations, enhance support government stakeholders including funding organizations, develop adequate exit strategies. support UNDP UNCTAD, Forpala cooperative continued receive technical assistance support USAID IFACS upscaled organization maintained local government’ attention cooperation (Suhud, interview). • Create entrepreneurship innovation culture -resilient initiatives essential elements developing viable businesses. , dependent external funding economically feasible . Reinvesting gains enhance businesses encouraged start. Social funds addition rotation funds address issue benefit actors linked business chains. • Monitor, assess implement actions guarantee equitable benefit sharing smooth relationship agreement stakeholders understand collectively overcome problems levels development. • Build trust confidence communities, governments, private sector stakeholders major challenge post-conflict BioTrade initiatives . start, dedicated neutral facilitator works closely communities relevant stakeholders continuous basis address . , continuity initiative achieved. pp tu ni tie • 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development opportunities developing BioTrade peace related activities, broad range areas: industry, consumers, cooperation agencies national government. recognition BioTrade Colombia, , opens opportunities developing joint post-conflict BioTrade programmes. • Identify capture opportunities -orient livelihoods sustainable pathways post-conflict recovery processes. - programmes conflict-affected areas provide potential identify implement practices lessons learned rebuild livelihoods sustain human security rely natural resources, , biodiversity. • Access rural marginal areas affected conflict, open opportunities developing sustainable livelihood options support biodiversity conservation sustainable , encouraging entrepreneurship innovation based native resources. • positive market trends support development specialized chains cultural environmental significance market advantages. market linkages essential facilitated conceptualization programme. • Governments, local level, aiming identify economic models contribute reintegration, peacebuilding livelihoods, conserve sustainable natural resources. initiatives capture interest donors industries keen join efforts build partnerships enhance chains. Source: Adapted Jaramillo Castro Stork, 2015 inputs Durleva, Suhud interview. 35BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA line aim foster equitable fair sharing benefits avoid conflicts arise individuals feeling left . BioTrade framework methodologies, chain, promote inclusive societies linking coordinating actions efforts downstream upstream stakeholders involved. helps clarify roles responsibilities actor. bottom- approach, built jointly satisfy grassroots communities, industries, government civil society interlinked working common agreed goals. chain approach, BioTrade, proven essential improving maintaining social cohesion local communities (Ruhanawati, 2012b). Spaces dialogue, sharing experiences negotiations created promote cohesion trust community members, governments industry, advance sustainable development peacefully. Strengthening existing networks local stakeholders including government, academia, NGOs private sectors enhances governance, space dialogue achieve concerted action. reinforced programme developed based beneficiaries’ cultural traditional identity practices, enhancing beneficiaries’ resilience ownership. creation product forums ( important regional international levels), nutmeg-based organizations (ForPala Nutmeg Cooperative), bring public, private civil society , including marginalized groups. involved actors agreed roles responsibilities, governance enhanced. relevant , buyer places order smaller group offer, group decide fulfil order . Cooperation, empowerment enhancement skills capacities stakeholders involved chain, communities, result enhanced social cohesion participation marginal minority groups. improves information flow stakeholders, communities informed decisions developing BioTrade activities participate benefits generated. horizontal vertical integration chain actors helps build trust, capture economies scale, diversify sourcing areas, products risks, increase quality enhance chain competitiveness. cases, develops territorial identity enhances cohesion stakeholders region, good base building maintaining peace. 6.4 Businesses, entrepreneurship markets BioTrade enabling conflict-affected people develop businesses participate local, national international chains safeguarding surrounding biodiversity. Entrepreneurship demand-driven approaches elements successful initiatives develop innovative -added products services fulfil market demands requirements, promoting equitable benefit-sharing schemes. Building -resilience encouraging partners beneficiaries -funding ( -kind monetary) important, including post-conflict settings. Similarly, rotation funds, reinvestment profits access funding fundamental growth businesses. resilience beneficiaries businesses enhanced, development competitive business culture reduces dependence external resources. Bringing potential buyers downstream actors chain channel investment upstream actors producers, collectors, harvesters, hunters, . Strengthening developing business service providers’ networks, address post- conflict BioTrade initiatives encouraged. Similarly, networks develop disseminate methodologies practices, conduct capacity-building programmes beneficiaries . addition technical assistance capacity building actions, beneficiaries access funding (.. credits, grants, investment) order enhance businesses. illustrated work undertaken Fond Biocomercio PABE, Green Sustainable Business Office/MADS. shown experiences Colombia Indonesia, innovation entrepreneurship essential demonstrating biodiversity source inspiration building feasible economic businesses post-conflict areas. Opportunities learn types initiatives, including leadership perseverance demonstrated case studies, motivate actors develop 36 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: ventures conserve advantage rich natural cultural heritage. Finally, essential empower local organizations (government, beneficiaries, NGOs, academia, ) formulate, prioritize, implement , , -finance activities, initial stages . Bottom-, participatory community- based approaches fostered stakeholders identify common jointly decide path overcome group. Workplans action plans formulated broad participatory manner involving stakeholders. starts joint definition problems, consequences, prioritize solutions, monitor implementation activities order improve . Prioritization activities group reaching consensus important foster cooperation synergies, build existing work resources. , guaranteeing sustainability initiatives depends strongly developing empowerment, ownership commitment stakeholders work shared common vision goal. demonstrated excellently Forpala Nutmeg Cooperative Indonesia: stakeholders’ sense ownership, empowerment commitment achieve common goal developing economic resilient livelihoods ensure post-conflict recovery peacebuilding achieved strengthening nutmeg chain. 6.5 Combining expertise building partnerships UNCTAD-UNDP partnership builds expertise organizations opportunity enhance programmes supporting peace, recovery sustainable development developing countries affected conflict, areas high levels biodiversity potential BioTrade development. Indonesia, agencies joined expertise carry work: UNCTAD trade BioTrade, UNDP peacebuilding disarmament, demobilization reintegration. UNCTAD UNDP collaboration enhanced livelihoods conflict affected populations post-conflict settings generating income sustainable management nutmeg. brought stakeholders reviving culturally significant chain, benefiting target group community . created conditions facilitated collaboration, empowered build entrepreneurship culture local stakeholders, government, private sector, communities-based organizations, academia civil society. UNCTAD-UNDP project finished 5 years , local stakeholders continued working promote nutmeg chain, involving districts, developing products, accessing markets searching jointly overcome challenges capture economic opportunities. 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Marisela Vega, BioTrade expert, 3–8 December 2015. 42 CONNECTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 AND 16: Notes 1 Mintel, 2016. Global Food Drink Trends 2017. Mintel Group ., London, 22 pp. 2 Grand View Research, . 2016; https://globenewswire./news-release/2016/07/18/856668/0/en/ Dietary-Supplements-Market-Size--Projected--Reach-278-02-Billion--2024-Demand--Food- Beverage-Sector-Grand-View-Research-.html, 2 November 2017. 3 Hope Network & Sterling-Rice Group, 2015. Forecast 2016 - Natural & Organic Trends Opportunities. Boulder, Colorado. 4 refers information companies complying UEBT standard, working partners PhytoTrade Africa Andean BioTrade Programmes (Colombia, Ecuador Peru). 5 refers sale companies complying UEBT standard, working partners PhytoTrade Africa Andean BioTrade Programmes (Colombia, Ecuador Peru). 6 CITES Appendices , II III “lists species [ flora fauna] afforded levels types protection -exploitation” (CITES, 2015a). Appendix includes species threatened extinction. Trade specimens species permitted exceptional circumstances. Appendix II includes species necessarily threatened extinction, trade controlled order avoid utilization incompatible survival. Appendix III species protected country, asked CITES Parties assistance controlling trade (CITES, 2015b). 7 Megadiverse countries countries collectively account 70 cent world’ biodiversity. countries : Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic Congo, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Papua Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Plurinational State Bolivia, South Africa, United States Bolivarian Republic Venezuela. (Secretariat CBD, 2007; UNEP-WCMC, 2014). 8 Colombia Bio national strategic project aims foster knowledge, conservation, management sustainable biodiversity Colombia. science, technology innovation (Colciencias, 2017a.) 9 Colombian peace process advances, land reform issues discussed part La Habana Peace Process Colombia, Colombian President, .. Juan Manuel Santos, FARC. instance, fund developed distribute land free rural property formalized. Additionally, parties agreeing eradicate substitute illegal crops. Emphasis put rural development, peace built developing local level line development defined grassroots actors involved (bottom- approach) (UNDP, 2015b; BBC, 2015b; Universidad de los Andes, 2015. 10 Agenda Items : 1) Colombian Countryside: Comprehensive Rural Reform, 2) Political participation: democratic opportunity build peace, 3) conflict, 4) Solution problem illicit drugs, 5) Agreement victims conflict, 6) Implementation verification mechanism. Source: Final Agreement Armed Conflict Build Stable Lasting Peace, 24 November 2016. : http://especiales.presidencia.gov./Documents/20170620-dejacion-armas/ acuerdos/acuerdo-final-ingles.pdf, accessed 6 November 2017. 11 National Plan formal legal instrument strategic guidelines public policy Colombian President. : www.dnp.gov./Plan-Nacional-de-Desarrollo/Paginas/Qu-es-el- PND.aspx#googtrans/gl/en, accessed 6 November 2017. 12 Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2018 (Tomo 1), Departamento Nacional de Planeació (DNP), 2015. : https://colaboracion.dnp.gov./CDT/PND/PND%202014-2018%20Tomo%201%20internet. pdf, accessed 6 November 2017. 13 National Green Business Plan policy guidance regional environmental authorities develop nature-based green sustainable businesses social, economic environmental criteria. categories covered Plan supported Green Sustainable Business Office/MADS : () goods services derived natural resources (BioTrade, restoration businesses, sustainable agro-systems); () industrial ecoproducts (sustainable construction, waste management, renewable energy goods services), () carbon market (voluntary regulated markets) (Mira Ponton, 2016). 14 Post-conflict Ministry prioritized 322 municipalities distributed departments: Antioquia, Arauca, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, órdoba, Cundinamarca, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Nariñ, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Risaralda, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada. : www.indepaz.org./wp-content/ uploads/2017/02/Anexo_2_Municipios_Priorizados_Posconflicto.pdf, 6 November 2017. 15 Fondo Biocomercio --profit entity aims support CBD objectives formulation, coordination management programmes strengthen BioTrade green markets strategies Colombia, generate social impact environmental, social economic sustainability criteria. information, visit: http://www.biocomerciocolombia.. 43BIOTRADE EXPERIENCES IN COLOMBIA AND INDONESIA 16 figures include participants benefited capacity-building activities, instance policy frameworks relevant BioTrade, implementing BioTrade Principles Criteria, access equitable sharing benefits, workshop enhance update norms related BioTrade (Chaux al, 2014). 17 Spanish called: Unidad de Gestió de Crecimiento Empresarial del Gobierno Nacional. 18 CAF’ Latin American Cocoa Initiative involves Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Plurinational State Bolivia Dominican Republic. (CAF, 2017b). 19 initiative CAFECAO part cocoa coffee initiatives. works cocoa (personal care products derived cocoa), coffee (green coffee line personal care products derived coffee) (Hurtado interview). 20 selected cocoa initiatives : INTEGRASINÚ (Fundació para el Desarrollo Alternativo Sostenible Integral del Alto Sinú), COOMPROCAR (Cooperativa Multiactiva de Producció Comercializació Agropecuaria de Arauquita), COPROCAGUAMUEZ (Comité de Productores de Cacao una nueva alternativa para el municipio Valle del Guamuez), ASPROCAMM (Asociació de Productores de Cacao de los Montes de Marí), APOMD (Asociació de Productores Orgánicos del Municipio de Dibulla), ASPROAGROGAR (Asociació de Productores Orgánico Agropecuario de la vereda Cuba-Putumayo) (Hurtado Interview). 21 selected coffee associations : Asociació Agropecuaria del Municipio de Albá (AAA), Asociació de Mujeres Productoras de la Serraní del Perijá-Asmuperija, Asociació de Caficultores Gramalote (Hurtado Interview). 22 contest identify cocoa produced Colombia. information : http://cacaodeoro.org./ 23 Section based interview information Diana Milena Pedroza Obando, CAFECAO COSMETICOS .., La Nació - Editora Surcolombiana, 15 February 2015. 24 CAFECAO benefits 249 families producing cocoa bee products, average individuals family. 25 Neiva part 186 municipalities prioritized United Nations post-conflict efforts 2015 Strategy (Equipo Humanitario Pais Colombia, 2014, 2015 Strategic Response Plan Colombia). 26 Section based interview information Adriana Lucí Arcos, CBS, 17 October 2017. 27 CBS -profit NGO promotes conservation biodiversity BioTrade, alternative achieve sustainable development. information, : www.biocomerciosostenible.org 28 Section based Burgos al, 2014. 29 ISAGEN .. mixed company generates sells energy Colombia. information, : www.isagen... 30 12 criteria - includes BioTrade Principles Criteria - guarantee businesses working renewable natural resources respect environment, economically viable aim social interest. criteria relates : 1) economic feasibility company; 2) positive environmental impact product service; 3) life cycle approach product service; 4) life; 5) replacement dangerous substances materials; 6) recyclability materials / recycled materials; 7) efficient sustainable resources produce product service; 8) social responsibility company; 9) social environmental responsibility company´ supply chain; 10) social environmental responsibility, company; 11) communication social environmental characteristics product service; 12) environmental social schemes, programmes recognition implemented received. 31 section prepared Lorena Jaramillo Castro Maria Durleva inputs Maja Suhud, UNDP Indonesia Siti Ruhanawati (Indonesia). Information extracted UNDP UNCTAD reports, including Trinurini-Adhi Wuriati, 2012; Final report June 2010 – December 2011 (UNDP, 2012), Ruhanawati, 2012a Forpala website (www.forpala.org). based field experience UNCTAD (Lorena Jaramillo Castro) project implementation 2009–2012. 32 Details agreement commitment Government Indonesia GAM rebuild 2004 tsunami disaster terminate conflict parties “peaceful, comprehensive sustainable solution conflict Aceh dignity ” (Large Large, 2008). 33 Leuser Ecosystem area forest located provinces Aceh North Sumatra island Sumatra, Indonesia. Covering 2.6 million hectares, richest expanses tropical rain forest Southeast Asia place earth Sumatran elephant, Sumatran rhinoceros, Sumatran tiger Sumatran orangutan area (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Leuser_Ecosystem accessed 23 December 2015).