20 Years of BioTrade: Connecting People, the Planet and Markets

Connecting people, planet markets 2 Bi Trade years ii Note views expressed authors necessarily reflect United Nations. designations employed presentation material imply expression opinion whatsoever part Secretariat United Nations legal status country, territory, city area, authorities, delimitations frontiers boundaries. Material publication freely quoted reprinted, acknowledgement requested, reference document number. copy publication quotation reprint, UNCTAD secretariat: Palais des Nations, 1211, Geneva 10, Switzerland. publication edited externally. information UNCTAD’ BioTrade Initiative consult website: http://www.unctad.org/biotrade contact: biotrade@unctad.org Acknowledgements publication, 20 years BioTrade: Connecting people, planet markets, compiled prepared Lorena Jaramillo Castro, Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD secretariat, supervision Bonapas Onguglo, Senior Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD. Substantive support Neiva Rosa, consultant; Lalen Lleander, Programme Management Officer; David Vivas, Legal Officer; Lucas Assunçã, Head Trade, Environment, Climate Change Sustainable Development (TED) Branch, UNCTAD. publication edited Vivien Stone designed Sarah Thompson, Watermark Creative. UNCTAD contributors commemorative publication marking 20 years BioTrade. broad support partners practitioners decades enhanced recognition role BioTrade play achieving sustainable development, 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development Goals Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011–2020. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges support Swiss State Secretariat Economic Affairs (SECO) development publication BioTrade Facilitation Programme III (BTFP III). Guillermo Valles Director Division International Trade Goods Services, Commodities (DITC) UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2016/4 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Copyright © United Nations, 2017 rights reserved iii Contents 1 2 3 Contents Acronyms Foreword vi BioTrade history conceptual framework 1.1. BioTrade – harmonizing trade, biodiversity livelihoods 1 Introduction 1 BioTrade countries 2 BioTrade sectors 3 BioTrade capacity skills development 3 20 years: Upscaling BioTrade 2030 Agenda 4 1.2. BioTrade: opportunity synergy multilateral environmental agreements 5 Origins relationship BioTrade MEAs 5 Sustainable Development Goals MEAs 7 Concluding remarks 7 1.3. BioTrade: market driver sustainable development 8 Introduction 8 Defining products services 8 Reaching market 9 Market trends opportunities 10 Conclusions 10 1.4. �Reflections���drivers��economic� �financial�sustainability��BioTrade� initiatives 11 Introduction 11 Key aspects lessons learned development BioTrade initiatives 12 Future opportunities 13 BioTrade people 2.1. BioTrade livelihoods – synergy 15 Introduction 15 Connecting BioTrade livelihoods grassroots actors 15 Key message 16 2.2. �Ecoflora�Cares:�Jagua chain (Colombia)� 17 Introduction 17 Implementation strategy 17 Upscaling jagua chain enhance local livelihoods 18 2.3. Achuar Shuar communities Chankuap�Foundation:�Resources��� future�(Ecuador)� 19 Introduction 19 Enhancing local livelihoods addition trade -timber forest products 19 Valuing culture – key developing livelihoods Ecuadorian Amazon region 21 2.4. Traditional knowledge business model: Takiwasi��Ampik�Sacha�(Peru) 22 Introduction 22 BioTrade business model benefits people nature 22 Considerations upscaling benefit-sharing models 23 2.5. Sandalwood: Ethical sourcing unique �valued�fragrance�(Sri�Lanka)� 24 Introduction 24 Setting ethical sourcing sandalwood Sri Lanka 24 Strengthening sandalwood supply chain 25 2.6. mountains: Traditional herbal remedy improves ethnic minority�communities�(Viet�Nam)� 26 Introduction 26 Developing chain che-day herb 26 BioTrade planet 3.1. �BioTrade���CBD�–�supporting� conservation sustainable biodiversity� 29 Introduction 29 3.2. �Natura���Suruí�Forest�Carbon� Project�(Brazil)� 30 Science, biodiversity trade 30 Investing carbon credits protect forests improve people’ lives 31 future – challenges opportunities 31 3.3. �EcuaFrog,�WIKIRI���amphibian�pet� trade�(Ecuador)� 32 Introduction 32 WIKIRI contributes research reducing amphibian depletion 32 future sustainable trade Ecuadorian amphibians 33 3.4. Sustainability principles criteria applied wild collection -wood forest products�(Kosovo)� 34 Introduction 34 NWFP strategy promote Kosovo’ development 34 Ways developing NWFP sector 36 3.5. Traceability orchids: win-win tool enhance�sustainable�trade�(Peru)� 37 Introduction 37 Implementing traceability system orchids 38 Upscaling experience national level 39 iv 20 years BioTrade 4 5 6 BioTrade markets 4.1. BioTrade market-driven strategies develop biodiversity-based sectors businesses 41 impact biodiversity social concerns trade development agendas 41 BioTrade actions access national international markets 41 Concluding remarks 42 4.2. �Developing�inclusive��resilient� indigenous natural products sector (southern�Africa)� 43 bottom- approach 43 Lessons learned 44 44 4.3. �Communitarian�ecotourism:��idea�full� �nature�(Colombia)� 46 Introduction 46 Colombia – destination peace nature 46 real significance communitarian ecotourism 47 Conclusions 48 4.4. Promoting�sustainable�cocoa�(Ecuador)� 49 Background 49 Accessing international cocoa markets 50 Recommendations enhancing markets associations small cocoa farmers Ecuador 50 4.5. food regulation: technical protocol Sacha inchi�oil�(Peru)� 51 Background 51 “ food” driver collective action 52 Positioning sacha inchi 53 4.6. �����needed����push� (Viet�Nam)� 54 Introduction: dedication Vietnamese small business reach big markets 54 Upscaling Vietroselle: steps 55 Partnerships 5.1. role partnerships unlocking BioTrade�potential� 57 Introduction 57 Orchestrating governance BioTrade 57 Partnerships challenges opportunities BioTrade 58 5.2. �BioTrade�Initiative��CITES� 59 CITES BioTrade: long-standing partnership 59 Projects achievements 59 Challenges opportunities 60 5.3. BioTrade – resilience-building tool: Helping�states�fulfil��pledge��leaving� 61 Background 61 Upscaling UNDP-UNCTAD collaboration 61 5.4. Vision matters: BioTrade implementation (Viet�Nam)� 64 Introduction 64 BioTrade Implementation Group 65 Lessons learned developing partnerships Viet Nam 65 5.5. Biodiversity-based businesses: Leveraging ecological economies 66 Introduction 66 Fostering partnerships – selected Groupe Rocher case studies 66 Key lessons recommendations developing effective partnerships 68 5.6. Enhancing sustainability python skin�trade��innovative�partnership� 69 Python Conservation Partnership 69 Challenges achievements partnership 70 partnerships learn PCP 70 Future�challenges��opportunities� 6.1.�BioTrade��people� 73 6.2.�BioTrade���conservation�tool� 75 Challenges 75 Opportunities 75 6.3. Emerging issues markets BioTrade �biodiversity-based�businesses� 76 6.4.�BioTrade��sustainable�development� 77 6.5.�BioTrade,�Aichi�Targets���SDGs� 78 Aichi Targets SDGs 78 Connecting SDGs Aichi Targets 79 BioTrade SDGs 81 References 82 Notes 85 Acronyms Acronyms ABP Andean BioTrade Project ABS access benefit sharing AGR access genetic resources B2B business--business BIG BioTrade Implementation Group (Viet Nam) BT�& BioTrade Principles Criteria CAF Development Bank Latin America CBD Convention Biological Diversity CEI communitarian ecotourism initiatives CEPNN Communitarian Ecotourism Programme National Parks (Colombia) CITES Convention International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora COP/ Conference Parties CORPEI Corporació de Promoció de Exportaciones Inversiones (Ecuador) COSiRA Competitiveness Private Sector Rural Areas (Kosovo) CSR corporate social responsibility EFSA European Food Safety Authority EU European Union FAO UN Food Agriculture Organization FDA Food Drug Administration (USA) FEKIHD Federació Kichwa Huallaga Dorado (Peru) FSAI Food Safety Authority Ireland GACP good agriculture collection practices GEF Global Environment Facility GHG greenhouse gas GIIB BioTrade Research Innovation Group (Peru) GIZ Die Deutsche Gesellschaft ü Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency Cooperation) GMP good manufacturing practice GRAS Generally Recognized Safe (USA) HACCP hazard analysis critical control points IDP internally displaced person ILCs indigenous local communities INP indigenous natural product IPBES Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform Biodiversity Ecosystem Services ISO International Organization Standardization ITC International Trade Centre IUCN International Union Conservation Nature JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee Food Additives MAFRD Ministry Agriculture, Forestry Rural Development (Kosovo) MAT mutually agreed terms MEA multilateral environmental agreement MINAM Ministry Environment (Peru) MINCETUR Ministry Foreign Trade Tourism (Peru) MoU memorandum understanding NBSAPs national biodiversity strategies action plans NFR food regulation NGO -governmental organization NTB -tariff barriers NTF -timber forest NTMs -tariff measures NWFP -wood forest products PCP Python Conservation Partnership PIC prior informed consent PNN National Natural Parks (Colombia) PROMPERU Export Tourism Promotion Agency Peru PTA PhytoTrade Africa & research development REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorization Restriction Chemicals (EU) REDD+ Reducing Emissions Deforestation Forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management forests enhancement forest carbon stocks SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SECO State Secretariat Economic Affairs (Switzerland) SFCP Suruí Forest Carbon Project (Brazil) SMEs small medium-sized enterprises SPS sanitary phytosanitary SSIT Sete de Setembro Indigenous Territory (Brazil) TBT technical barriers trade TK traditional knowledge UEBT Union Ethical BioTrade UNCCD United Nations Convention Combat Desertification UNCTAD United Nations Conference Trade Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change UNOCACE Unió de Organizaciones Campesinas Cacaoteras del Ecuador (Union Peasants Organizations Cocoa Ecuador) UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization VIETRADE Viet Nam Trade Promotion Agency WHO World Health Organization vi 20 years BioTrade Foreword Twenty years , BioTrade Initiative launched UNCTAD response implementing 1992 Earth Summit’ Agenda 21, blueprint sustainable development action twenty- century. BioTrade Initiative aims promoting conservation sustainable biological resources international trade investment. UNCTAD coined term “BioTrade”, recognized efforts promote sustainable development poverty alleviation trade investment. BioTrade Initiative facilitates supports national, regional international BioTrade programmes, partnerships businesses contributed fighting biodiversity loss ensuring sustainable biological resources ecosystems. Activities implemented close cooperation secretariats Convention Biological Diversity Convention International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora development regulatory institutional frameworks prevent illicit trade natural species safeguard . experiences, lessons successes articles shared BioTrade practitioners commemorative publication attest reach BioTrade BioTrade Initiative. ongoing BioTrade activities 20 countries. Efforts cover range products services variety biodiversity-based sectors. Building sustainable livelihoods, rural communities marginalized groups, biodiversity-rich developing countries central conservation sustainable nature’ resources. , UNCTAD collaborates Governments, private sector international organizations developing promoting BioTrade programmes businesses adhere sustainable development principles, ethical sourcing biological resources, access sharing benefits, proper traceability products derived biodiversity awareness raising nature. Improving income earning opportunities rural communities bring added dividends consolidating peacebuilding post-conflict areas. , fourteenth session United Nations Conference Trade Development Nairobi July 2016, member States agreed institution contribute achievement 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Goals fostering inclusive trade sustainable development policies. Conference’ outcome document, Nairobi Maafikiano, agreed specifically “promote sustainable trade biodiversity products services strengthen sustainability biodiversity foster sustainable growth, close cooperation relevant agencies ”. agreement marks milestone evolution BioTrade serve platform UNCTAD act 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development Goal 15 seeks “protect, restore promote sustainable terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt reverse land degradation halt biodiversity loss”. 1996, UNCTAD contributed evolution group producers, processors retailers committed conserving biodiversity wealth countries guaranteeing sustainable biological resources fair equitable conditions. , Sustainable Development Goal 15 sets path UNCTAD international community tested approaches, consistent BioTrade Initiative’ vision, conserve nature sustainably meet present populations jeopardizing future generations. Mukhisa�Kituyi Secretary-General United Nations Conference Trade Development © ot ol ia : er ge lo vii Foreword decade, Switzerland, State Secretariat Economic Affairs SECO partnering UNCTAD international national partners fields sustainable biodiversity. trading perspective BioTrade Initiative support objectives Convention Biological Diversity. importance biodiversity highlighted . Located rural areas, basic poor essential resources services industries. , strong consumption trends favor demand sustainably sourced products services, generating opportunities biodiversity products services, including BioTrade. , biodiversity decreasing accelerating rates, reducing ecosystems’ capacities provide essential services humans, affecting depend resources. , developing countries rich biodiversity, conservation efforts sufficiently consideration. promising address attribute economic biodiversity, developing incentives conservation sustainable . Trade, sustainably managed, positive incentive generating income local communities sustainably manage resources. BioTrade conceptual framework approach, set principles criteria sustainable biodiversity, real change maker favor ecosystems livelihoods poor. global sales BioTrade added products services reached €4.3 billion 2015. previously niche green market transforming robust subsector economy developing countries. Small medium-sized enterprises, grassroots associations cooperatives, , direct beneficiaries commercialization. benefit increases income improvements livelihoods. coming years, SECO intends continue deepen engagement national international partners levels issues. line Switzerland’ commitment double financial engagement favor biodiversity year 2020. effort harness enormous market opportunities engaging trade biodiversity products easy task. Establishing sustainable BioTrade chains requires coordinated sustained work large variety actors, public, private academic sectors civil society. UNCTAD’ BioTrade Initiative supports partners – governments, companies civil society alike – address challenges capitalize opportunities offered BioTrade. joining forces levels, seize opportunities favor ecosystems livelihoods poor. direct contribution implementation Agenda 2030 SDG targets. Raymund�Furrer Ambassador Head Economic Cooperation Development State Secretariat Economic Affairs SECO Switzerland viii 20 years BioTrade UNCTAD, BioTrade Initiative oldest partners contributing implementation Convention Biological Diversity (CBD). Formal cooperation CBD Secretariat UNCTAD BioTrade October 1997. good reasons long-standing cooperation. Parties CBD recognized early BioTrade – comprises economic activities related production trade biodiversity based products sustainability criteria – provide important incentives conservation sustainable biodiversity. circumstances risk converting natural landscapes purposes high, encouraging sustainable natural resources provide incentives conserve biodiversity. Ensuring incentives place promote sustainable critical effective implementation Convention. Article 11, Convention encourages measures act incentives conservation sustainable , including measures promote BioTrade. decisions work programmes Conference Parties Convention frequent references BioTrade activities, including appreciative language regard activities UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative invitations continue good work. growing number BioTrade programmes national subregional levels. BioTrade Initiative partners supported development products based fauna, food, fashion, personal care products, nature-based tourism REDD+ projects. 2007, global guidance BioTrade, BioTrade Principles Criteria, published, sector-specific guidance material produced. growing network BioTrade partners, including United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Union Ethical BioTrade (UEBT), Development Bank Latin America (CAF) PhytoTrade Africa, . BioTrade Principles Criteria include reference fair equitable benefit sharing, referring objective Convention, focus Nagoya Protocol Access Genetic Resources Fair Equitable Sharing Benefits Utilization CBD. entry force Nagoya Protocol 2014 creates opportunities developing business models rely sustainable increased knowledge natural resources. creates incentives preserving genetic diversity, biodiversity broadly, traditional knowledge providing conditions continuous research development genetic resources. middle United Nations Decade Biological Diversity reached, enormous work achieve Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011–2020, BioTrade opportunity scaling sustainable biodiversity. , steps strengthen markets BioTrade putting place supportive policies leverage contribution BioTrade meeting objectives Convention. enable environment BioTrade remains important challenge, move 20 years. encourage countries benefit experiences developed 20 years BioTrade Initiative. Braulio�Ferreira�de�Souza�Dias Executive Secretary Convention Biological Diversity © ot ol ia : ot os 5 93 ix Foreword warmly congratulate BioTrade Initiative UNCTAD launch 20th anniversary publication. publication shows culmination decades hard work commitment enhancing environmental, social economic sustainability trade biodiversity- related goods services. 2016 15th anniversary cooperation BioTrade Initiative Convention International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora (CITES). CITES global conservation convention trade-regulatory body, mandate ensure international trade CITES-listed wildlife threaten survival. CITES recognizes commercial trade wildlife beneficial conservation species ecosystems, / development local communities carried levels detrimental survival species question. CITES outcomes Rio+20 2012 international agreement stands intersection trade, environment development, promotes conservation sustainable biodiversity, contribute tangible benefits local people. BioTrade Initiative ideal partner advancing joint endeavour ensuring conservation species enhancement livelihoods local communities, facilitating income-generating opportunities compliant Convention’ requirements national legislation. Today, 182 Parties CITES making concerted efforts regulate international trade 35 000 animal plant species, recording million trade transactions year. remain committed focusing Convention’ pillars legality, sustainability traceability, cooperation UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative strong foundation improve mutual supportiveness trade environment. United Nations Sustainable Development Summit held York 2015 adopted SDGs, envisage world “ humanity lives harmony nature wildlife living species protected”, 17 goals 169 targets SDGs specific common relevance BioTrade Initiative CITES. pivotal year sustainable development, mind importance strengthening multilateral cross-cutting cooperation tackle increasingly interconnected global challenges. CITES-BioTrade Initiative collaboration great focused effective collaborative effort . John . Scanlon Secretary-General Convention International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora © ot ol ia : ao YA BioTrade history conceptual framework BioTrade Collection,�production,� transformation commercialization goods services derived native biodiversity (species��ecosystems)� environmental, social economic sustainability criteria. Biodiversity variety life Earth, including wide range plants, animals microorganisms, genetic variety species, �ecosystems. Sustainable�Development� Goals �SDGs,�part���2030� Agenda Sustainable Development�adopted��2015,� global call action. poverty, protect planet ensure live peace prosperity. Business biodiversity awareness 83% consumers expect companies sourcing policies place respect biodiversity. 12 000 companies 70 countries signed United Nations Global Compact,�committing��greater� environmental�(�biodiversity)� responsibility. number companies report biodiversity annual reporting growing. 36���top�100�cosmetic� companies 60���top�100� food companies mention biodiversity. BioTrade�impact��figures Sales��BioTrade�beneficiary� companies associations Strategic Plan Biodiversity�2011–�2020� Aichi Targets BioTrade contributes 13 20 Aichi Targets BioTrade contributes ���SDGs Source: Adapted Lojenga Oliva, 2016. 1 €4.3 billion (2015) 5 million worldwide Producers/farmers, collectors/ hunters, workers, significant increase US$40 million 2003 Number��beneficiaries BioTrade, biodiversity, Aichi Targets SDGs: Facts figures 70% 17% 86% 94% 7000 world’ poor depend biodiversity. plant species consumed people food. plant species medicinal purposes. species ( potential )��� unknown. Sectors involved BioTrade activities: •�Personal�care •��Pharmaceuticals/ phytopharma •�Food •�Fashion •�Ornamental�flora��fauna •�Handicrafts •�Textiles��natural�fibres •�Sustainable�tourism •��Forestry-based� carbon credit activities. Indirectly� 8�SDGs �� 8�SDGs 1 Chapter . BioTrade history conceptual framework Introduction UNCTAD, BioTrade Initiative, promoting trade investment biological resources (biological resources ecosystems) sustainable development poverty alleviation line objectives Convention Biological Diversity (CBD):1 • Conservation biodiversity; • Sustainable components; • Fair equitable sharing benefits arising genetic resources. Additionally, contributes achievement conservation sustainable development objectives multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). agreement Convention International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora (CITES), UNCTAD support promote legal, sustainable traceable trade endangered species. Finally, adoption Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), BioTrade Initiative contribute implementation SDGs, notably SDGs 15, 17 12. BioTrade refers collection, production, transformation commercialization goods services derived native biodiversity (species ecosystems) environmental, social economic sustainability criteria. confused conduct “biotrade” general necessarily relate “native” species adopt implement BioTrade’ frameworks tools/ methodologies. fully develop concept, UNCTAD, jointly international national partners practitioners, established BioTrade Principles Criteria (BT &). , combined distinctive approaches ( chain, sustainable livelihoods, ecosystem adaptive management),2 guarantee sustainability interventions. framework addresses objectives biodiversity-related MEAs broader context sustainable development responsible business (Figure 1.2). instance, BT & enable identification social, economic environmental challenges gaps beneficiaries addressed implementation monitoring customized workplans guarantee actions sustainable. BioTrade – harmonizing trade, biodiversity livelihoods 1996, UNCTAD created term “BioTrade” BioTrade Initiative instrument enable countries harmonize economic development conservation biodiversity trade goods services derived biodiversity. 20 years, organizations companies number countries engaged implementing BioTrade variety sectors. Lorena Jaramillo, Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD; Bonapas�Onguglo, Senior Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD Figure�1.1�Origin��“BioTrade” UNCTAD�created��term: Bio�+�Trade Development Trade Biodiversity 1.1 2 20 years BioTrade Figure�1.3�Countries�implementing�BioTrade� BioTrade countries 20 developing countries Africa, Asia Latin America implement BioTrade, concept methodologies, support national, regional international BioTrade partners (Figure 1.3). companies working developed countries, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland United Kingdom, working BT & Union Ethical BioTrade (UEBT). international level, UNCTAD’ BioTrade partners include CBD CITES secretariats, UEBT, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Trade Centre (ITC) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), . UNCTAD’ BioTrade Initiative receives support donors, Swiss State Secretariat Economic Affairs (SECO)/ Government Switzerland. regional level, partners include Development Bank Latin America (CAF), General Secretariat Andean Community, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, PhytoTrade Africa (PTA) Die Deutsche Gesellschaft ü Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency Cooperation - GIZ). national level, partners include ministries environment trade Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Viet Nam, trade promotion agencies Ecuador, Peru Viet Nam, -governmental organizations (NGOs) HELVETAS Viet Nam, Alexander von Humboldt Institute (Colombia), Corporació Biocomercio Sostenible - Colombia, Corporació Fondo Biocomercio (Colombia), EcoCiencia (Ecuador) business associations BioTrade Implementation Group (BIG) Viet Nam, . Figure�1.2�BioTrade�conceptual�framework:�Mandates,�principles��approaches� MDGs,�SDGs chain Sustainable livelihoods Ecosystem approach Adaptive management P1.�Conservation��biodiversity P2. Sustainable biodiversity P3.�Equitable�benefit-sharing P4. Socioeconomic sustainability P5. Legal compliance P6. Respect actors’ rights P7.��Clear�land�tenure�� resources access UNCTAD�XII,�XIII,�XIV CBD,�CITES���MEAS Source: Adapted UNCTAD, 2007a. Mandates BioTrade Principles Approaches Africa: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic Tanzania, Zambia Zimbabwe Asia: Indonesia, Lao People’ Democratic Republic, Myanmar Viet Nam Latin America: Plurinational State Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico Peru. 3 Chapter . BioTrade history conceptual framework BioTrade sectors beneficiary countries working BioTrade initiatives, broad variety products services sustainably derived rich biodiversity (Table 1.1). sector, efforts resources prioritized channelled areas major social, environmental economic impacts achieved. BT & guide interventions ground tools, methodologies protocols produced support partners programme beneficiaries (.. SMEs, community- based associations) implementation. BioTrade capacity skills development UNCTAD partners focused enhancing capacities skills BioTrade practitioners engaging sustainable sourcing, access benefit sharing (ABS) trade added products services. training include legal technical advice relevant BioTrade activities including regional national implementation regulations, good practices, enhancing harvesting processing methods documentation. master’ degree programme online courses developed implemented Catholic University Peru UNCTAD, , addition development tools, guidelines, training material documents. Topics addressed tools offered shown : •��Policy�frameworks: Guidelines fulfil regulations, protocols, management plans, ABS, . •��Market�access:�Market studies, guidelines develop implement marketing promotion strategies, guidelines requirements access specific markets, . •���chain�development:� Methodologies prioritize sectors chains, formulate implementation strategies monitoring systems, . •��Managerial�skills: Guidelines develop business plans feasibility studies, cost assessments, traceability documentation, . Sector Type product Personal care Essential oils, natural dyes, soaps, cream butters, cosmetics, . Pharmaceutical (phytopharma) Extracts, capsules infusions medicinal plants, . Food Fruits pulps, juices, jams, biscuits sauces, spices, nuts, tubers, snacks, food supplements, meat caiman fish, . Fashion Skin belts, bags Caiman yacare, . Ornamental flora fauna Heliconias, orchids, butterflies, . Handicrafts Jewellery, decorative objects based native species, garments, . Textiles natural fibres Furniture decorative objects based natural fibres, bags, shoes, . Sustainable tourism Ecotourism, nature-based tourism, community-based tourism, . Forestry-based carbon credit activities. Reducing Emissions Deforestation Forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management forests enhancement forest carbon stocks (REDD+), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation strategies specific chains, . Table 1.1 BioTrade sectors prioritized countries partners •��Social�practices: Guidelines enhance participation communities decision-making chain development, implementing methodologies equitable fair distribution benefits chain stakeholders. •��Environmental�practices: Guidelines develop management plans resource assessments flora fauna species, sustainable practice guidelines ecotourism community-based tourism initiatives, protocols wild species, including listed CITES Appendices II III. tools methodologies developed BioTrade adapted country region specific circumstances realities. include additional approaches, criteria considerations target specific geographical locations beneficiaries. 4 20 years BioTrade 20 years: Upscaling BioTrade 2030 Agenda 20 years, BioTrade expanded terms number partners practitioners involved, sectors geographical coverage. BioTrade mainstreamed national international levels, instance Decisions Parties CBD CITES, discussions United Nations General Assembly, development banks, private sector, civil society markets. strong network partners practitioners established expanded continuously cover evolving beneficiaries, document lessons learned address relevant emerging issues. efforts BioTrade partners continue documenting, disseminating measuring impact contribution sustainable development, SDGs Aichi Targets levels (Table 1.2). Table 1.2 Lessons learned emerging issues upscaling BioTrade “ BioTrade specializes niche markets developing trading products services economically competitive, socially environmentally responsible... Issue��lesson�learned �work��lessons�learned Holistic, integrated inclusive approaches demand-driven Continue emphasizing socioeconomic sustainability, fair equitable sharing benefits, respect rights actors involved BioTrade activities. work enhance participation liaison indigenous local communities, fostering horizontal vertical integration chain stakeholders BioTrade practitioners worldwide. demand-driven interventions essential develop workplans comply market requirements, competitive economically feasible, fit interests BioTrade beneficiaries. Capacity building programmes Continue developing BioTrade methodologies, guidelines, training technical assistance, implementing technologies matching circumstances beneficiaries. Knowledge management systems Establish / enhance systems : • Documenting sharing good practices experiences; • Measuring BioTrade’ impact contribution SDGs Aichi Targets; • Identifying addressing emerging issues relevant BioTrade. enables practitioners updated, capture development opportunities upscale actions. work needed linking BioTrade climate change (.. implementing carbon-neutral chains), ecosystem services valuation, ocean economy, including marine ecosystems, peacebuilding post-conflict recovery supporting national implementation Nagoya Protocol. Enabling policy environment supportive BioTrade prioritized sectors Continuous work needed identify address constraints related gaps, lack clarity, overlapping duplicity regulations roles government agencies. Similarly, addressing -tariff barriers (NTBs) prioritized products services target markets. Raise awareness mainstream BioTrade engine achieving green growth developing countries, valorizing biodiversity potential, securing ABS, enhancing competitiveness differentiation based sustainable native biodiversity. Competitive economically feasible businesses chains continues challenge implementing BioTrade requires access funding, improvement businesses practices. , carrying research development (&) activities, improving processes products, liaising universities research organizations. Globalization chains Globalization enables ability access customers BioTrade products services , cases, reduce middle men. increase competition sourcing countries foster stronger quality quantity control systems, documentation traceability systems. Accessing markets Identifying learning prioritized target markets essential developing chains. Positive market trends business practices favour environmentally socially responsible products services supportive BioTrade. , challenges BioTrade practitioners face relate evolving / stronger market requirements, sanitary phytosanitary (SPS) certificates, labelling, food regulation (NFR) proliferation certification schemes consumer confusion / mistrust due false claims – greenwashing. Strong documentation traceability systems compliance international standards essential accessing markets complying national international regulations. 5 Chapter . BioTrade history conceptual framework Marí Luisa del í, Biodiversity Officer, Strategic Development Natural Resources, Ministry Environment (MINAM), Peru article focuses relationship BioTrade achievements objectives biodiversity-related MEAs SDGs. highlights growing recognition BioTrade decisions Conference Parties (COP) CBD CITES, 1996 onwards. Origins relationship BioTrade MEAs Launch BioTrade – Lyon, France, 1996 remember yesterday heard word “BioTrade” (BioComercio Spanish). November 1996, meeting COP CBD Buenos Aires, Argentina. UNCTAD launched BioTrade Initiative , aim fostering trade investment biological resources achieve sustainable development, line CBD objectives: conservation, sustainable equitable sharing benefits (CBD, 1992). occasion, initiative simply acknowledged CBD COP 3 Decision III/18 “ consideration relevant work forums, United Nations Conference Trade Development …”.3 , launch, Plurinational State Bolivia, Ecuador Peru approached UNCTAD discussed sustainable biodiversity. convinced sustainable components biodiversity, effective conservation achieved. task setting BioTrade Initiative long, conceptual framework needed validation experience needed developed. 1996 starting point, BioTrade introduced formally CBD decision 12 years . BioTrade CBD COP decisions CBD COP 5 Kenya 2005, sustainable biodiversity recognized effective instrument foster biological diversity Parties “requested identify actions assist Parties, developing countries countries economies transition, increase capacity implement sustainable- practices, programmes policies regional, national local levels, pursuit poverty alleviation” (Decision /24 §5) (CBD, 2000). COP 7 Malaysia, Addis Ababa Principles Guidelines Sustainable Biodiversity approved, constitute conceptual basis BioTrade (Secretariat CBD, 2004). 2006 Curitiba, Brazil, Andean countries, Decision VIII/26 §9, introduced BioTrade Initiative CBD workplan incentive measures. concretely “invites United Nations Conference Trade Development, initiatives, including, BioTrade Initiative, continue supporting programme work incentive measures Convention” (CBD, 2006). CBD COP 9 2008 Germany, Decision IX/6 §13 related incentive measures “invites BioTrade Initiative United Nations Conference Trade Development continue work trade promotion biodiversity-based products produced sustainable manner compatible objectives Convention Biological Diversity, capacity-building, enhancing market access, promoting enabling environments engaging relevant public private actors” (CBD, 2008). launch BioTrade Initiative, progress Andean, Asian African countries, , underpinned conceptual framework principles criteria (expressed norms, strategies, programmes, pilot projects). 2012, achievement consolidated efforts BioTrade Congress, run parallel Rio+10 summit. Recognition role BioTrade Initiative plays promoting biodiversity clear, BioTrade: opportunity synergy multilateral environmental agreements1.2 6 20 years BioTrade support noted COP 12 Decision XII/6, “cooperation conventions, international organizations initiatives”. Decision XII/6 §18 “calls BioTrade Initiative United Nations Conference Trade Development continue strengthen technical support Governments, companies stakeholders enable incorporate BioTrade, sustainable harvesting practices national biodiversity strategies action plans, , highlighting importance BioTrade engine sustainable biodiversity conservation involvement private sector” (CBD, 2014a; Secretariat CBD, 2015a). , remains achieved, development context 2030 Agenda SDGs. SDGs framework invites integration efforts, , SDG 17, “Revitalize global partnership sustainable development”. achieved strong commitment favour global alliances cooperation. Multilateral environmental agreements provide context cooperation achievement SDGs, , closely linked objectives CBD CBD , CITES,4 Convention Wetlands (Ramsar), . part biodiversity-related conventions grouped Biodiversity Liaison Group5 (Decision VII/26 §1 §2) (CBD, 2004). Countries’ efforts integrate MEAs’ governance recommendations find commonality obligations grown , , concerns put practice efficient coherent manner, avoiding duplication effort. study Elaboration options enhancing synergies biodiversity- related conventions (UNEP, 2016) states tools: national strategies monitoring systems. , broad enable countries find concrete implementation procedures. BioTrade valuable instrument foster synergies MEAs BioTrade’ conceptual framework approaches6 long BioTrade mainstreamed arenas. instance, BioTrade considered norms (26839 Law Conservation Sustainable Biodiversity Peru, 2001), policies, strategies plans, Peruvian Bicentennial Plan (Plan Bicentenario), proposes strategic action 2021 “Promote BioTrade initiatives articulated specialized high- markets” (CEPLAN, 2011). instruments provide strong support implementation, integrates additional efforts, generating broader positive impacts. reason, author believes BioTrade suitable effective sustainably biodiversity components. , considered indispensable action fulfil objective CBD. label certification scheme, stakeholder decide organic implement BioTrade – organic integrated BioTrade, strategies build resilience, inclusion, ecosystem approach, innovation, technology, environmental social justice. substantive difference precisely promotes chain adaptive management approaches, conservation sustainable biodiversity ecosystem services. elements, simply commerce export natural resources, integrated view biodiversity cycles processes, , native biodiversity. , BioTrade embraces social aspect enhancing livelihoods people living rich biodiversity areas. developing chain, stakeholders involved, generating regional bilateral cooperation. Capacities critical points chain enhanced, exchange technology knowledge innovation addition fostered, respect traditional knowledge (TK) norms promoted, livelihoods enhanced, financial resources activities ground mobilized. scenario common ground BioTrade implementation MEAs. relationship BioTrade SDGs undeniable analyse BioTrade Principles potential support implementation agreements United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC), UN Convention Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Ramsar Convention, ., supporting integration BioTrade development processes. evident BioTrade’ potential link investment conservation, investment benefit sharing, conservation sustainable biodiversity. “� BioTrade’ conceptual framework approaches long BioTrade mainstreamed arenas... © IN AM : ra nk ic ha 7 Chapter . BioTrade history conceptual framework Sustainable Development Goals MEAs 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development SDGs7 adopted 25 September 2015 United Nations Sustainable Development Summit York. viewed path achieve MEA synergies. , SDG 15 (Life land), “aims conserve restore terrestrial ecosystems forests, wetlands, drylands mountains 2020. Promoting sustainable management forests halting deforestations vital mitigating impact climate change. Urgent action reduce loss natural habitats biodiversity part common heritage” (United Nations, 2015). text acknowledges main elements MEAs stated . , SDG 15, Target 1, “ 2020, ensure conservation, restoration sustainable terrestrial inland freshwater ecosystems services, forests, wetlands, mountains drylands, line obligations international agreements,” common ground implementing BioTrade, Principles Criteria achieve target. guarantee conservation sustainable recovery ecosystems support local populations, involving local stakeholders , working BT &, chains cocoa, Brazil nut, sustainable tourism biodiversity components, enhanced. SDG 12 relates sustainable production consumption relevant BioTrade. target states urgent reduce ecological footprint patterns production consumption goods services. refers agricultural patterns efficient management shared natural resources – clear synergy BioTrade. Concluding remarks important mainstream BioTrade MEAs, including National Biodiversity Strategies Action Plans (NBSAPs). achieved -step strategy: • Developing clear understanding BT & implemented; • Assessing implication Principles Criteria BioTrade approaches (adaptive management, ecosystem approach, chain livelihoods); • Establishing approaches implemented NBSAPs country. essential document monitor BioTrade experiences impacts social, environmental economic spheres, feed national international frameworks (.. NBSAPs, national laws, strategies) lessons learned practices. indispensable relate findings Aichi Targets SDGs establish common ground MEAs. topics considered relate information monitoring, education, capacity-development, governance, conservation (rational, sustainable, .), . elements integrated stage chain, fostering compliance MEA. Resilience, adaptation, rational wetlands, considered guiding principles. exercise renew MEAs, international scope implementation local level. © AF 8 20 years BioTrade Rik�Kutsch� Lojenga, Executive Director, UEBT BioTrade aims promote sustainable development trade investment biodiversity. Turning BioTrade market driver sustainability required defining opportunities BioTrade products, ensuring market access staying top market trends. , priority securing sufficient private sector buy . Introduction private sector called engage active partner achieving SDGs, adopted 2015 190 countries. development paradigm put SDGs requires business models environmental, social, economic governance imperatives (Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, 2015). business models present opportunities innovation, competitive advantage commercial growth 1996, UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative working promote sustainable development trade investment biodiversity. , BioTrade concept market driver sustainability, ensuring trade contributes significant global challenges: conservation sustainable biodiversity, based fairer equitable sharing benefits. Defining products services BioTrade’ initial focus , specifically, harnessing growing interest genetic resources pharmaceutical biotechnology sectors, offered important economic opportunities biodiversity-rich developing countries. UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative successfully established portfolio regional country programmes Latin America, Africa Asia. , quickly clear research, development commercialization timelines investment costs sectors significant. development potential genetic resources realized long term. Interest natural products diminishing pharmaceutical companies, view technological developments legal uncertainty stemming discussions misappropriation genetic resources TK. developments affected efforts promote BioTrade. focus BioTrade concept – terms markets – changed products services derived biodiversity. launch national BioTrade programme Colombia 1998 reflected focus biological resources, genetic resources. Promoting inclusion indigenous peoples, local communities local companies supply chains natural ingredients – extracts, oils powders food, pharmaceuticals cosmetics industries – offered short-term tangible benefits. Examples BioTrade ingredients include fruits obtained wild collection agroforestry ( çí berries Amazon), herbs, flowers spices ( hibiscus flowers Africa). BioTrade started promoting sustainable trade plants animals BioTrade: market driver sustainable development1.3 Harvesting allanblackia Ghana © UEBT 9 Chapter . BioTrade history conceptual framework listed CITES (.. Caiman yacare leather Plurinational State Bolivia alpaca wool Peru). Services ecotourism included BioTrade programmes, Latin America. , attention focused biodiversity source innovation, partly driven work BioTrade partners UEBT PTA. 2010 adoption Nagoya Protocol Access Genetic Resources Fair Equitable Sharing Benefits Arising Utilization CBD international legal framework biodiversity-based innovation increased interest fair sustainable practices development natural ingredients (CBD, 2014b). , UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative BioTrade partners providing technical support guidance issue genetic resources. , BioTrade covers mix products derived biodiversity, genetic resources biochemical compounds. Reaching market Biodiversity recognized pillar innovation production number sectors. , sustainability values powerful differentiator product service. BioTrade products services reach markets, challenges overcome areas technical financial capacities, regulatory frameworks market uptake. Experiences BioTrade show sustainability valuable differentiator business--business (B2B) sector, offering opportunities SMEs developing countries. , companies support meet market requirements relating quality, volumes, constant supplies marketing. 2003, UNCTAD launched BioTrade Facilitation Programme, brings organizations innovative partnership promote market uptake BioTrade initiatives. international organizations ITC CAF established programmes support enterprises, SMEs, overcome challenges. Regulatory hurdles market access unusual, innovative ingredients information safety proficiency. - hurdle food regulation (NFR) European Union (EU), poses challenge BioTrade initiatives bring food ingredients market history significant consumption EU prior 2007. approval processes baobab fruit pulp, led PTA supported UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative, cost region €300 000. Finally, BioTrade concept products succeed sufficient market uptake. Private sector interest biodiversity BioTrade products promoted awareness raised. , UNCTAD International Finance Corporation supported creation UEBT, actively promotes business interest ethical sourcing biodiversity cosmetics, food pharmaceutical industries. encourages private sector adoption BT &, Ethical BioTrade Standard, ensure trade biodiversity-based ingredients contributes local development biodiversity conservation. Companies members UEBT adopt Ethical BioTrade practices operations, encourage practices hundreds suppliers supply chains. 2020, people world aware values biodiversity. ambitious goal set CBD part Aichi Targets. 2009, UEBT published annual Biodiversity Barometer, insights trends biodiversity awareness consumers biodiversity reporting beauty food industries. UEBT Biodiversity Barometer recognized indicator measuring Aichi Biodiversity Target 1. reviewing years UEBT Biodiversity Barometer research, surprising findings critical lessons learned. Ten findings highlighted : 1. understanding biodiversity rising significantly. 2. Biodiversity global concept, high awareness emerging markets Latin America Asia. 3. People personally contribute biodiversity conservation, don’ . 4. Consumers expect companies respect biodiversity, confidence . 5. Transparency important. Consumers sourcing practices respect people biodiversity, information, preferably externally validated. 6. Brand reputation, authentic stories images brand communication convince consumers. 7. Millennials highest awareness biodiversity identify brands respect biodiversity. 8. international brands positioned highlighting respect people biodiversity. 9. Corporate communication biodiversity beauty, food beverage companies rise, falls short expectations. 10. References ABS rising corporate communications. Box 1.1 Ten takeaways years UEBT Biodiversity Barometer “� Regulatory hurdles market access unusual... 10 20 years BioTrade number companies involved Ethical BioTrade projected grow significantly future. , BioTrade true market driver sustainable development, significant uptake BioTrade concept required board: government policies, business strategies markets. , trends suggest upcoming opportunities BioTrade partners achieve increased . Market trends opportunities UEBT identifies market trends offer opportunities BioTrade activities years : Firstly, consumers increasingly demand natural ingredients products, natural sweeteners, colourants, fragrances, flavours, preservatives emulsifiers. Companies responding. food sector, , companies adopt “clean label” approach, stands products artificial ingredients chemicals. drives trend natural ingredients, innovative natural ingredients. Similar trends exist cosmetics sector. , increasing calls transparency type ingredients consumer products, origins ingredients, conditions produced. means traceability package field, investment long-term supplier relationships good social ecological practices. BioTrade offers excellent conceptual framework practices. Thirdly, biodiversity awareness growing consumers companies (UEBT, 2016). term biodiversity : explains business consumers starting develop real understanding concept. , awareness understanding expanding. increasingly biodiversity-aware world, turns consumers high expectations companies, purchasing decisions respect biodiversity ( Box 1.1 overview key findings UEBT Biodiversity Barometer). Finally, important trend emerging business models connecting sustainable biodiversity ecosystem services. Sustainable tourism, , minimizes negative impact ecosystems incentivizes local environmental stewardship. BioTrade REDD+ strategies linked. 2013, Natura Cosmetics, company involved BioTrade, purchased carbon offsets Paiter-Suruí, indigenous people Amazon. Conclusions drivers sustainability evolving, balanced consideration social, environmental economic issues firmly established companies competitive, innovative profitable. BioTrade concept pioneered approach, faces challenges. fully reach potential, BioTrade significant market uptake. Market trends show opportunity BioTrade. Demand biodiversity ingredients increasing, interest ethical sourcing practices ingredients. SDGs, Nagoya Protocol international instruments changing regulatory policy landscape. means countries, companies associations incentive adopt promote BioTrade practices – contribution sustainable development business strategy. challenge sufficient private sector buy . role initiatives UEBT convening companies assuring sustainable practices Ethical BioTrade Standard crucial. priority 20 years companies board, BioTrade move significantly impacting markets consumers approach biodiversity – making BioTrade stronger market driver sustainability. Research developing products © Fotolia: Lily 11 Chapter . BioTrade history conceptual framework René ómez- Garcí Palao, Head, Green Business Unit; Federico�Vignati� Scarpati, Principal Executive; Marisela Vega Zuleta, Consultant, Department Environment Climate Change, CAF Financing green businesses BioTrade critical factor hindering development sector Latin America worldwide. financial products limited, adapted characteristics production cycles BioTrade businesses. Action needed levels address limitation: macro ( implementing public policies); meso ( strengthening chains: &, market access targeted financial products); micro ( increasing companies’ capabilities). Introduction years BioTrade gained importance internationally catalyst conservation biodiversity generation social inclusion. Globally, strong trend markets related BioTrade. 4 cent world trade, equivalent US$290 billion, included transactions biodiversity goods services, including BioTrade (ómez-Garcí al., 2014). , BioTrade positioned important management model, applicable green business characteristics Latin America, regions. context CAF’s8 Department Environment Climate Change joined forces 2011–2015 UNEP Global Environment Facility (GEF), development project “Facilitation financing biodiversity-based businesses support market development activities Andean Region” – Andean BioTrade Project (ABP). project focused governance, market access, access finance pilot project strengthening. major result sales beneficiary companies increased 65 cent average period – performance superior average similar industries. experiences demonstrated capacity BioTrade’ sustainable principles promote development.9 2015, scale ABP continuing commitment support innovative endeavours devoted green economy transformation Latin America, CAF created Green Business Unit. focuses portfolio projects linked ethical sustainability principles proposed BioTrade.10 years involved developing economically viable biodiversity-based businesses, number key aspects lessons learned identified future development BioTrade initiatives. Reflections drivers economic financial sustainability BioTrade initiatives 1.4 BioTrade�Forum��Roundtable��PeruNatura © PROMPERU 12 20 years BioTrade Key aspects lessons learned development BioTrade initiatives Experience shows companies choose shift BioTrade respond rising demand guarantee long-term competitive advantage, generate shared demand supply sides chains. , significant growth BioTrade markets – business turnover reached €4.3 billion 2015 (Jaramillo, 2016a) – initiatives encompass market segments small compared market biodiversity-based products. requires companies seeking maintain consolidate position BioTrade major efforts train personnel technical production issues, ensure capacity enter market, attend market , develop innovative products access differentiated financing (green financing).11 part challenge companies understand benefits BioTrade overcome commit seek BioTrade strategic choice, based ethical, inclusive sustainable business model. efforts support, BioTrade companies region micro-SMEs limited capital human resources, key investments applied research product development. context, important aspects promote economic sustainability competitiveness enterprises. • , improved access financial tools services major priority critical barriers BioTrade initiatives. CBD, 2013, financial institutions granted 3.5 cent total financing green businesses. , existing credit lines “green” financing region related energy efficiency issues. Financial products meet production segments , , BioTrade products, limited exist generally high barriers access (guarantees) unfavourable financial conditions (rates, terms). conditions limit competitive access credit BioTrade initiatives. lack financing results investment innovation, companies limited markets uncompetitive offerings. Financing BioTrade initiatives challenge overcome working BioTrade initiatives financial sector. Companies lack proper organizational accounting administration limits debt management. financial institutions interested development green financing credit lines, sector generally unfamiliar dynamics potential products derived native biodiversity. , awareness raising technical advice financial institutions important enhance capacity identify select business projects meet verifiably sustainable practices understand variety productive business cycles green business BioTrade. CAF expertise, development bank, contributed tackling countries Latin America. • , fundamental strengthen chains capacity building organizational, administrative productive matters, development highly productive business models properly structured articulated, eligible financing. , service providers essential offer advice guidance initial stages business start- ups – lacking financing – develop strategic aspects organization acquisition implementation certifications permits, brand development research development products/processes. strengthening chains effectively implemented strategic alliances knowledge exchange enterprises similar organizations successful experiences lessons learned. • , consideration markets increasingly demanding competitive, investment innovation, implementation quality sustainable systems “� BioTrade experience Latin America innovative... Processing physalisQuality control systems BioTrade products © Villa Andina© CAF 13 Chapter . BioTrade history conceptual framework support practices increase levels supply, fundamental production differentiated added products services. require establishment public- private collaboration research, innovation implementation technologies differentiation schemes (.. certifications, appellation origin, .), participation BioTrade initiatives specialized commercial platforms, trade fairs, technological commercial missions. activities involve specialized knowledge high costs; , role public sector early stages important. Future opportunities BioTrade innovative ethical biodiversity-friendly based business model overcoming relevant income distribution biodiversity conservation challenges Latin America . presents coherent model responding critical current global priorities: loss biodiversity climate change mitigation. Equally, contribution stands transformation production base distribution wealth, generating social benefits. reached inclusion articulation community initiatives commercially competitive enterprises chain models, generating local development dynamics. strong trend 19 cent annual growth 2020, biodiversity goods services BioTrade potential approximately 33 cent share world trade (ómez- Garcí al., 2014). , important growth opportunity requires establishing support cooperation platforms cover key aspects strengthening chains. Building business skills facilitating access market proper development BioTrade companies essential. , noted , leveraging financial resources drive BioTrade initiatives priority. accomplished creation financial instruments, awareness-raising opportunities sector dissemination information availability financial assistance initiatives. Equally important creation strong network knowledge exchange sector. Similarly, emphasis establishing maintaining BioTrade community practice expertise levels (macro, meso micro) incorporates relevant lessons learned, explores bolder systemic interventions drive countries regions sustainable, green economy. higher level, policymakers interested countries develop enabling policy regulatory environment conducive BioTrade businesses, clear regulations business circumstances foster innovation market tax incentives. Incorporating biodiversity public policies economic development agenda emerging issue world. BioTrade experience Latin America innovative, region holds highest biodiversity rate capita world. experimenting learning BioTrade increase practical -, number businesses endorsing BioTrade build strategic alliances. CAF, development bank, believes economic feasibility BioTrade confirms engagement upscale implementation jointly public private sectors civil society. collaborative approach create specific responses sustainable development integration region viable promoting initiatives BioTrade, enhancing financial solutions green businesses. Ecotourism – capitalizing natural beauty Amazon’ ecosystems © Walter . Wurst 14 20 years BioTrade 2 BioTrade peopleBioTrade delivered positive impacts beneficiaries decades. section examples initiatives promoted BioTrade practitioners Asia, Africa Latin America, personal care, phytopharma food sectors. Beneficiaries wide ranging, indigenous communities, women’ associations, product-based associations communities sustainably transforming biodiversity products services. trade BioTrade products services increases communities’ incomes enhances capacity ability compete differentiated added products services traded national international markets. BioTrade��people:�Case�studies���contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs Case�study Aichi Targets Sustainable�Development�Targets 2.1. BioTrade livelihoods – synergy 2.2. Ecoflora Cares: Jagua chain (Colombia) 1, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 19 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 2.3. Achuar Shuar communities Chankuap Foundation: Resources future (Ecuador) 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 16, 18, 19 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 2.4. Traditional knowledge business model: Takiwasi Ampik Sacha (Peru) 1, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 19 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 2.5. Sandalwood: Ethical sourcing unique valued fragrance (Sri Lanka) 2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13, 16, 19 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 2.6. mountains: Traditional herbal remedy improves ethnic minority communities (Viet Nam) 2, 3, 4, 7, 13, 16, 18, 19 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 © IM DI TO RE 15 Chapter II. BioTrade people BioTrade��people:�Case�studies���contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs BioTrade aims enhance livelihoods people, living rich biodiversity areas dependent biodiversity. , BioTrade practitioners developed variety services enhance social impact interventions, including development projects, guidelines tools, , number lessons learned identified. Introduction Secretariat CBD states 1.6 billion people depend forest -timber forest (NTF) products livelihoods. households Asia, derived 50–80 cent annual household income NTF products, biodiversity resources (Secretariat CBD, 2014). Latin America, 75 cent households depend biodiversity meet basic food water, preserve culture (Garcí Rodríguez al., 2015). Connecting BioTrade livelihoods grassroots actors BioTrade’ philosophy centres providing livelihoods poor, rural, communities people living depending biodiversity. principles, BioTrade promotes equitable sharing benefits, respect rights actors involved, develops inclusive transparent chains sectors. Partners engaged establishing strengthening cooperatives, producer associations, community-based / micro-SMEs, strengthening managerial supply management capacity. complemented enhancing local addition trading activities provide higher incomes prices products services. 2015, 5 million grassroots stakeholders integrated 3600 global local chains variety sectors regions (Garcí Rodríguez al., 2015; Lojenga Oliva, 2016; Rossow, 2015). Success stories lessons learned enabling BioTrade concept, methodologies technical assistance adapt real dynamic circumstances beneficiaries. grouped : • �Inclusive��participatory� community-based approaches ensuring , opportunities, culture circumstances grassroots actors mainstreamed activities. Fair equitable benefit sharing, transparent discussions decision-making processes chain mainstreamed. • Market access chain approaches develop demand driven interventions, enhance chain efficiency reduce length (steps) linking producers markets. Actions strengthen grassroots actors’ abilities manage businesses supply chains, provide tools financing enhance competitiveness organizations products. Importantly, grassroots actors’ capacities assessed establish role stage enter chain, gradual approach, linking local, national international markets. BioTrade livelihoods – synergy Lorena Jaramillo, Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD 2.1 “� BioTrade’ philosophy centres providing livelihoods poor, rural, communities people living depending biodiversity... 16 20 years BioTrade • Reintegration��post-conflict� recovery -combatants, affected communities displaced people civilian life BioTrade activities. income- generating activities sustainably transform unique biodiversity added products services traded national international markets. date, reintegration post- recovery activities implemented Colombia Indonesia (Aceh Selatan). • Risk�diversification��enhancing� resilience diversifying limited number species, increasing number added products developed traded markets served. Grassroots actors depend small number traded products, services markets, lessen vulnerability supply/demand shocks, climate change natural conflict-related disasters. Key message BioTrade livelihood option people globe. developing tools technical assistance fulfil changing grassroots stakeholders commercialize added products national international markets. Integrated participatory approaches, ABS, carbon neutral production process, circular economy, environmental pressures strong competition, issues practitioners tackle order provide real long-term livelihood options grassroots actors. Concretely, practitioners opportunities 2030 Agenda SDGs, Biodiversity Strategic Plan 2011-2020 Aichi Targets mainstreaming poverty alleviation, development conservation biodiversity. Finally, displacement, immigration, existence diaspora communities, areas BioTrade contribute, shown reintegration post-recovery activities, interesting market segment products services. © IN AM 17 Chapter II. BioTrade people Juan�Fernando� Botero, President, Ecoflora Cares ... Ecoflora Cares develops high- natural colour solutions derived Colombian biodiversity food cosmetic applications. development BioTrade practices colla boration rural, indigenous afro-descendent communities, company enhances livelihoods sustainable rainforest, conservation valuable ecosystems fair equitable distribution benefits. Jagua fruit natural colourants © Ecoflora Cares Implementation strategy extensive work years, Ecoflora Cares, support local communities wild sourcing programme, identified, georeferenced protected close 7000 jagua trees distributed 55 000 hectares. 2015, 54 families Chocó Uraba regions sustainably harvested 150 trees. 2018, company aims increase sustainably harvested trees 12 500 diversifying supply chains inviting 400 families communities regions participate sourcing programme. aims increase harvested trees hectare, conserve naturally regenerated trees, expand species population depleted areas villages facilitate harvesting logistics activities. economic impact expected generate 353 direct jobs vulnerable youngsters exposed criminal groups illegal coca growers. Ecoflora Cares trading member UEBT Colombian pioneer fulfilling international local access genetic resources (AGR) regulations. , companies sign formal commercial AGR contract Ministry Environment Sustainable Development representing Colombian Government. contract, signed 16 December 2014, lasts 20 years. monetary benefits comprise royalties paid Colombian Government turnover produced blue colourant. ministry, local offices, exercises monitoring auditing fulfilling contract obligations. Ecoflora Cares’ - monetary commitments : • carry annual reporting awareness raising programme’ progress regional environmental authorities local government authorities (Corporació para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Urabá Corporació Autónoma Regional para el desarrollo social del Chocó) research institutions (Instituto de Investigaciones Ambientales del Pacífico). • promote activities strengthen institutional development communities jagua supply organizations. Ecoflora Cares: Jagua chain (Colombia)2.2 Introduction Ecoflora Cares developed unique blue natural colour additive derived jagua fruit (Genipa americana), commonly tropical forests. pilot wild sourcing programme Ethical BioTrade Standard implemented rural, indigenous afro-descendent communities living extreme poverty Colombian Chocó rainforests. programme secured conservation jagua trees surrounding ecosystems, potentially improving 50 cent family incomes sourcing communities. 18 20 years BioTrade Activities���local�communities���wild�sourcing�programme��Ecoflora�Cares Upscaling jagua chain enhance local livelihoods challenges opportunities enhancing jagua chain BioTrade improve livelihoods rural ethnic communities Chocó rainforest: 1. Nagoya Protocol provide opportunities sector. encourages companies supplying communities producing biodiversity derived products work harmoniously foster equitable, sustainable relationship. principles encourage building strengthening communication channels processes order understand ’ realities, objectives challenges. , national legislation set order support partnerships. 2. Raising awareness local communities indigenous peoples intrinsic natural resources territories. concept transcend simple conservationist approach framed enabler sustainable living conditions. order foster , government encourage entrepreneurship related BioTrade initiatives communities. BioTrade means protecting ecosystems powerful builder people inhabiting . 3.��Capacity�building��sustainable� sourcing practices, quality control business fundamentals. communities dwelling dense biodiverse hotspots trading activities regions, subsist carrying basic daily activities fishing, small-scale farming exchange goods neighbouring communities. Training programmes sustainable sourcing practices, quality control business fundamentals initiated enable BioTrade operations industrial urban actors. 4. Strengthen control forest protection mechanisms relation illegal depleting activities. Mining illegal activities created false illusive economies terms salaries expected incomes communities. exerts high pressure alternative livelihoods compete relation land, labour forestry resources. , organizations rich biodiversity countries potential engaging BioTrade support creation adoption effective forest protection mechanisms. 5. Strengthen perception intrinsic natural resources traditional knowledge BioTrade projects. “ creation” “added ” perceived exclusively process transforming material ; raw material nature cosmetic application. view, incorrect, limitations, sole expectation desire potential supplying communities transform nature- sourced raw materials semi- finished finished products. objective perfectly plausible justifiable, BioTrade concept minimize complexity supply logistics operations knowledge forest communities’ prized asset – copied imitated depreciate time. Protecting preserving knowledge key point discussion institutions organizations shaping BioTrade standards regulations. 6. Guarantee market access jagua colourant. Market access essential success business, pre-commercial stage. trade colourant national international markets, essential obtain permits issued respective regulatory authorities. Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos Alimentos approved sanitary permit jagua colourant Colombian market. , international market generate demand develop jagua supply chains achieve company’ goals 2018. regard Ecoflora Cares needed employ scientific, technical, regulatory business knowledge capabilities obtain permits target markets (.. Food Drug Administration (FDA) United States America, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) EU Joint Food Agriculture Organization (FAO)/ World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee Food Additives (JECFA) inclusion Codex Alimentarius). © Ecoflora Cares 19 Chapter II. BioTrade people Shuar woman harvesting native peanut charak (Arachis hypogaea) Adriana Sosa , Secretary-General, Chankuap Foundation: Resources future Chankuap Foundation: Resources future promotes sustainable development conservation forests located Morona Santiago Province (Ecuador) local Achuar Shuar communities. achieved developing sustainable chains BT &, guaranteeing availability resources future generations. Introduction Taisha District Morona Santiago Province home indigenous Achuar Shuar communities. 80 cent region primary forest – 508 850 hectares – extremely rich biodiversity. district includes part Kutukú Cordillera Trans-Kutukú areas, biodiversity hotspot (Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del ó Taisha, 2014). area, cattle agricultural production nascent economic alternative families. Cutting trees selling illegal wood threatening rainforest; situation exacerbated development Macas-Macuma- Taisha Highway. insufficient incentives minimize threat, local human development complex. communities highway reach, air travel means communication. Chankuap Foundation set 1996 Ecuadorian Amazon request local communities wanting support promote sustainable collection production activities generate family income. focuses native species Achuar Shuar communities. foundation works chain products order guarantee market access, comply requirements related volume, quality continuity, real response major challenges: commercialization. Enhancing local livelihoods addition trade -timber forest products organize production area, foundation fostered creation solidarity working groups. -legal organizations providing training technical assistance planning production species transported Chankuap’ modern collection centre transformation facilities Macas, provincial capital. beginning, foundation’ strategy focused native species communities gardens, : charak peanut (Arachis hypogaea), achiote (Bixa orellana), chili (Capsicum spp.), ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), , market potential local, national / international levels. , -established native species charak peanut unsatisfied international market demand. , wild collected species derived products encouraged, dragon’ blood (Croton lechleri), ishpink (Ocotea quixos), guayusa (Ilex guayusa) ungurahua (Oenocarpus bataua). Management plans developed wild species guarantee future existence. instance, ungurahua, personal care sector, high demand management plan includes implementation prevention, protection, rehabilitation, mitigation rationalization methods . High added products developed Chankuap Foundation. include cosmetic Achuar Shuar communities Chankuap Foundation: Resources future (Ecuador) 2.3 “����80��cent region primary forest – 508�850�hectares�–� extremely rich biodiversity... © da ci ó ha nk ua 20 20 years BioTrade Chankuap�Foundation’�cosmetic�product�range�Ikiam�Amazon�Soul��production�process Figure�2.1�Chankuap�Foundation�sales�2004–2015�(US$) © Fundació Chankuap Source: Fundació Chankuap, 2016. product range named Ikiam Amazon Soul. products developed native species derived products essential fatty oils ungurahua palm liquid soaps, creams, massage oils shampoos. Chankuap Foundation products fulfil production norms (.. good manufacturing practices – GMPs) voluntary requirements (organic fair trade certification) foundation member World Fair Trade Organization. 20 years, Chankuap enhanced living conditions approximately 650 indigenous families involved BioTrade chains, monetary -monetary benefits. development charak peanut, cocoa, ginger organic turmeric ungurahua chains significant social, economic environmental impacts. turmeric ginger family gardens forest, medicine. cocoa supported native variety named fino de aroma. , sold products important components total sales foundation (Figure 2.1). selling products generated average additional annual family income US$330 producer level. result technical assistance capacity-building activities communities Chankuap, products fulfil market requirements related quantity, quality, continuity supply volume. important mention products sold Chankuap local buyers. Chankuap generates social benefits communities living difficult economic social conditions. city Macas, Chankuap Foundation manages school programme children (7–14 years) dropped struggling academically, meals day. Finally, raises awareness communities caring environment consumers responsible consumption. interesting case ungurahua chain, supported Ecuadorian BioTrade Programme fulfils 85 cent BT &. Specifically, socioeconomic criteria, chain fulfils criteria indicators Principle 3: Fair equitable sharing benefits derived biodiversity; Principle 5: Compliance national international regulations; Principle 7: Clarity land tenure access natural resources knowledge (Buitró, 2012). due close relationship Chankuap chain actors, built knowledge, trust, continuous dialogue mutual benefit (Buitró, 2012). 21 Chapter II. BioTrade people “������programme people learn, sow sell products.��feel� satisfied��� work ... Luis Shimpiukat, local technician,�Chankuap� Foundation. © da ci ó ha nk ua Valuing culture – key developing livelihoods Ecuadorian Amazon region develop NTF chains targeting markets sustainable production processes products. enhance living conditions small producers, located marginal areas communities assisted Chankuap. developing BioTrade, essential respect culture communities resources environment. fundamental – view environment, acknowledgement origin distribution benefits generated . Clear policies formulated enhance research, biodiversity ABS. disseminated actors involved, order promote strengthen BioTrade. 22 20 years BioTrade Lena�Katzmarski, Principal Advisor úBioInnova (GIZ Peru). Supported Flavia�Noejovich, Independent Consultant; Manuel Rojas, Technical Advisor ProAmbiente; Luis Rosa-Perez, Technical Advisor ProAmbiente, GIZ Peru; Fernando� Mendive, Plant Manager, Coordinator Takiwasi Scientific Committee Director Marketing, Takiwasi Laboratory Laboratory Natural Products (Takiwasi) indigenous producers’ organization (Ampik Sacha) implement business model based TK medicinal plants Peruvian region San Martí, benefits people nature. benefit sharing scheme improves indigenous population’ living conditions, recovers traditions promotes sustainable forest resources. Introduction estimated Peru 1000 Amazon plant species commercial potential (FAO, 1994). Indigenous local communities (ILCs) guardians knowledge biodiversity. plants treat illnesses fight diseases, maintain health centuries. Today, pharmaceutical cosmetics industries develop popular products based ancient practices knowledge plants’ properties. assumed species curative properties identified commercial immense TK base. industries, considered vital TK valued appropriately stipulated Nagoya Protocol. regulates access genetic resources subject prior informed consent (PIC) ILCs involved, ensuring obtain fair equitable benefits arising . case study, TK medicinal plants shared close home. Peruvian Amazon region San Martí, indigenous Federació Kichwa Huallaga Dorado (FEKIHD) Laboratory Natural Products (Takiwasi) developed local benefit-sharing scheme. scheme contributes conserving regional biodiversity, recovering ancestral knowledge improving living standards 1000 indigenous (Kichwa) families region. BioTrade business model benefits people nature Takiwasi established 2007 local NGO offers alternative treatments drug addiction based local medicinal plants Amazonian TK. surrounding Kichwa communities provide raw material medicines cosmetics produced small plant Tarapoto, San Martí. plants, cat’ claw (Uncaria tomentosa) dragon’ blood (Croton lechleri), “accompanied” ancestral knowledge properties . knowledge resides public domain , , Peruvian legislation obliges users obtain PIC share benefits communities. , Takiwasi recognized valued intellectual contribution Kichwa communities monetary -monetary redistribution scheme. support project úBiodiverso (-financed SECO German Development Cooperation, implemented GIZ), Takiwasi FEKIHD developed business model based BT &. communities provide raw material, actively participate production commercialization added products. , ancestral knowledge -valued communities’ capacities strengthened. Takiwasi supports communities involved -called knowledge rescue sessions yachakkuna (wise elders community) identify remedies illnesses pains. Ampik Sacha, association medicinal plant producers supported FEKIHD Takiwasi, develops commercializes products based knowledge. Takiwasi technical assistance Ampik Sacha. recover lost knowledge, FEKIHD maintains demonstration plots catalogues recovered knowledge local register. conserve biodiversity Traditional knowledge business model: Takiwasi Ampik Sacha (Peru)122.4 23 Chapter II. BioTrade people Women��Ampik�Sacha��Takiwasi�products�SUMAK® © Takiwasi © Takiwasi resulted success story, Peru confronted challenges. existing national rules ( Law 27811 protection collective indigenous knowledge related biological resources) sharing knowledge parties put practice adapted reality TK protected expectations communities managed, interest trust model maintained questions addressed solid legal framework. Equally important considerations related sustainability indigenous culture. medicinal plants receive increased scientific commercial attention, increasing pressure medicinal plants’ wild plant populations. Commercial exploitation lead overharvesting, posing extinction risk. time, communities balance commercialization auto- consumption order maintain traditional indigenous health-care regimes. Benefit-sharing schemes aspects order conserve natural resource base, preserve indigenous medicinal practices. Peruvian public institutions national regional levels working regulating wild harvesting medicinal plants, developing guidelines prepare forest management plans NTF products -valorization NTF species. International private actors, UEBT FairWild Foundation, aim incorporate business aspects related harvesting wild plant species. time, scientists policymakers proposing procedures policies safeguard culturally scientifically important plants. conclusion, local model reflects BT & illustrates implementation ground. , national regulations benefit sharing TK sufficiently clear ( fully implemented) provide solid framework kinds benefit-sharing agreements. current national framework developed substantiated spirit Nagoya Protocol, coordination international organizations UNCTAD. model basis sustainable livelihoods marginalized groups, framework sustainable natural resources inputs framework. base, Takiwasi offers communities capacity building programmes good agricultural practices forest plant nurseries management. result applying business model, products commercialized market: • local level, ointment based ancestral recipe commercialized communities brand AMPIK®; • national/international level, Takiwasi Laboratory markets herbal infusions based aromatic medicinal plants brand SUMAK®. laboratory pays royalty communities sales. key ingredients local benefit- sharing scheme mutual trust, respect equal relationship, honest intercultural dialogue. aspects shaped shared vision protect ancestral knowledge generate additional income indigenous communities. result attractive business model actors involved. Considerations upscaling benefit-sharing models Peru, awareness legal framework genetic resources TK, rural regions, ancestral knowledge . present model local benefit-sharing “ Takiwasi recognized valued intellectual contribution ��Kichwa� communities... 24 20 years BioTrade Marí�Julia�Oliva, Senior Coordinator Policy Technical Support, UEBT; Annette Piperidis, Manager Sustainable Sourcing, Weleda AG Sandalwood trees, provide unique valued fragrance perfumes cosmetics, threat natural habitats. years, project undertaken Weleda highlands Sri Lanka contributing protection sandalwood trees, livelihoods local communities involved planting harvesting. Introduction Sandalwood fragrance thousands years. Due rich, woody lingering fragrance, sandalwood remains important ingredient perfumes cosmetics products. interest essential oil, extracted heartwood, resulted - harvesting slow-growing sandalwood trees. true Indian sandalwood (Santalum album). tree, native Indian subcontinent widely grown, considered “vulnerable” International Union Conservation Nature (IUCN) Red List Threatened Species. Actions counter illegal harvesting, promoting local livelihoods, include sustainable planting harvesting sandalwood. Weleda project sandalwood, entering seventh year, Ethical BioTrade advance objectives. Setting ethical sourcing sandalwood Sri Lanka 2009, Weleda, Swiss-based company producing natural organic beauty products anthroposophic medicines, UEBT member, launched project organic sustainable cultivation sandalwood Sri Lanka. Sandalwood essential oil fragrance range Weleda products, including Pomegranate skin care line. Weleda, fundamental sandalwood oil Sandalwood: Ethical sourcing unique valued fragrance (Sri Lanka)2.5 “���hope����follow lead project inspire adopt sustainable approach producing precious oil... © el ed © el ed © . . ar Indian�sandalwood�(Santalum album) 25 Chapter II. BioTrade people organic sustainable sources, contributes increasing number sandalwood trees Sri Lanka livelihoods local communities. context, Weleda formed partnership local family-owned company. , , abandoned tea plantation highlands Sri Lanka. , 100-year- tea bushes, grew 1000 sandalwood trees, including young saplings. trees spread naturally birds carrying seeds thrived steep terrain protected wide root systems tea bushes. support Weleda, company invested land techniques organic sustainable harvesting sandalwood. , trees older 15 years oil production 8000 10 000 trees Sandalwood nursery Sri Lanka planted year, conserve increase number trees. line Ethical BioTrade Standard – based BT & – Weleda sandalwood project strong social component. Weleda signed agreement committing project sourcing exclusively company number years. supported creation plant nursery training education centre collectors. centre focuses sandalwood, cultivation vegetables, tea cinnamon trees. ensure variety crops cultivated – key local food security diversifying local incomes. , local company independently harvests commercializes crops, organic certification. Strengthening sandalwood supply chain challenges . Growing sandalwood remains difficult. takes years tiny sandalwood seedlings plant nursery large harvesting. seedlings survive months. , Weleda project yielding valuable lessons. knowledge contributing broader research Sri Lanka, including identifying parent trees finding suitable cultivation environments. challenges processing sandalwood oil. distillation process complex. Weleda’ local partner distillery 130 kilometres , takes hours car. 100 kilograms wood transported yield litre essential oil. Security measures required plantation distillery. significant problem poachers, target wild cultivated sandalwood trees. sense, local partners highlight project “ time”. clear efforts conserve propagate sandalwood , risk beautiful fragrant trees lost hills Sri Lanka. time, Sri Lanka emerged civil war great investment additional improved livelihoods. noted Sri Lankan project partner, “ hope follow lead project inspire adopt sustainable approach producing precious oil” (Leuenberger, 2013). © el ed © ris Du la 26 20 years BioTrade Figure�2.2�Rising�demand��che-day Linh Nguyen, Communication Officer, BIG top pharmaceutical companies Viet Nam, Traphaco demands large supply natural herbs production herbal medicine. Applying BioTrade framework helped develop sustainable supply chain build trust local authorities communities, enhance reputation. Introduction Dzao ethnic minority group northwest Viet Nam. origin uncertain, ethnic groups possess plethora TK, medicine. Che-day (Ampelopsis cantoniensis), native plant region, traditionally Dzao people treat digestion-related diseases. method pre-processing fermenting che-day tea medicine secret community generations. Developing chain che-day herb , 370 kilometres Hanoi, & departments pharmaceutical companies work day night find ways natural herbs city dwellers suffering pollution, hectic lifestyles constant stress maintain - . Traphaco trend. fact, company started researching manufacturing medicines natural herbs economy started boom decades . 1990s, Traphaco launched products, - herbs, Vietnamese consumers. products experienced skyrocketing sales. Traphaco brand consumers’ mind, company gradually progressed top pharmaceutical companies country. Traphaco studied che-day scientists National Board Science. 2003, company successfully formulated che- day soft capsules high concentration generating higher effectiveness compared forms. Ampelop, capsule, considered product benefits gastric intestinal inflammation common Viet Nam (Pham, 2004). , sustainable supply che-day needed solved Traphaco upscale Ampelop production. Dzao people, main collectors che-day, Lao Cai province, company decided buying traders middlemen. 0 20 40 60 80 100 2012201120102002 3 36 65 100 mountains: Traditional herbal remedy improves ethnic minority communities (Viet Nam)2.6 Source: Ta, 2013. Che-day © BIG Procurement Ampelopsis ( tons) 27 Chapter II. BioTrade people launching, Ampelop received consumers annual sales 4–5 billion VND (Vietnamese dong) (US$180 000–230 000) Traphaco’ bestsellers. , challenged company che-day wild collected months year people collected large quantities, plant depleted. brings story Traphaco beneficiary Swiss-funded BioTrade project 2012. Traphaco visited Muong Hum, commune Lao Cai province 170 Dzao households, consult local authorities community, identify select 60 households establish cooperative group. households livelihood options compared rest inhabitants commune. , Traphaco cooperative signed supply contract che-day. Traphaco sought local experts National Institute Medicinal Materials BioTrade project (implemented HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation Viet Nam) set training programme cooperative. issues covered included sustainable cultivation che-day depend solely wild collection, harvest allowed plant regenerate harvest season. Additionally, Traphaco, collaboration BioTrade project, developed set standard procedures good agriculture collection practices (GACP) guidelines WHO. , company cooperative ensure quantity quality che-day, depleting resources ecosystem. , Dzao community Muong Hum benefited. applying BioTrade WHO GACP, sustainably harvest che-day months year receive price product (20 cent higher). direct contract Traphaco raised income Dzao community, doubling US$200 US$400 30 days’ collection year (Ta, 2013) comparison US$130 (People’ Committee Lao Cai province, 2014), Traphaco training farmers © BIG average monthly income region. enabled cover expenses food, health children’ education. Additionally, order protect TK community, contract established pre-processing fermenting step implemented Dzao community Muong Hum ; Traphaco provide equipment. chain che-day Lao Cai province set Traphaco expand regions ingredients. company chains country. opportunities challenges. regulation system Viet Nam complex, discourage natural herbal enterprises interested switch sustainable production implement sustainable practices requires massive constant effort. , BioTrade committed enterprises similar Traphaco capable overcoming obstacles; enhancing status pioneering Vietnamese pharmaceutical companies. “����opportunities� challenges... 28 20 years BioTrade 3 BioTrade planetBioTrade benefited positively impacted biodiversity biodiversity- based sectors regions development methodologies, guidelines, training courses, enhancing governance support conservation . section examples initiatives promoted BioTrade practitioners Asia, Africa Latin America, working orchids, -wood forest products, amphibians forest carbon initiatives. Beneficiaries native biodiversity manner contributes conservation. BioTrade���planet:�Case�studies���contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs Case�study Aichi Targets Sustainable�Development�Goals 3.1 BioTrade CBD – supporting conservation sustainable biodiversity 3.2 Natura Suruí Forest Carbon Project (Brazil) 3, 4, 7, 11, 18,19, 20 1, 2, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15 3.3 EcuaFrog, WIKIRI amphibian pet trade (Ecuador) 4, 5, 12, 13, 19 12, 15 3.4 Sustainability principles criteria applied towild collection - woodforest products (Kosovo) 2, 4, 7, 19 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 15 3.5 Traceability orchids: win-win tool enhance sustainable trade (Peru) 3, 4, 12, 13, 19 9, 12, 16 © ot ol ia : na pt itu de 29 Chapter III. BioTrade planet BioTrade���planet:�Case�studies���contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs Braulio�Ferreira� de�Souza�Dias, Executive Secretary, CBD growing importance biodiversity-based products global, regional local markets, BioTrade important tool support implementation CBD objectives. commercial biodiversity BT & commendable seize opportunity benefit people, markets planet. Introduction Economic activities related production trade biodiversity- based products manner addresses elements sustainability (environmental, social economic) referred BioTrade. 2013, 4 percent world trade consisted biodiversity-based products services, including BioTrade products (ómez-Garcí al., 2014). niche market, trade products sustainably derived biodiversity grown significantly decade. driver growth fact consumers increasingly concerned, aware , environmental social impacts purchasing decisions. BioTrade play important role contributing implementation CBD Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011–2020. 1993, CBD entered force objectives: conservation biological diversity, sustainable components biological diversity, fair equitable sharing benefits arising utilization genetic resources. work UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative recognized decisions COP CBD important contribution achieving sustainable biodiversity , harnessing commercial interest biological resources, generating incentives biodiversity conservation. basis BioTrade activities products flora fauna, flowers, nuts, fruits, seeds, skin amphibians wildlife, ecosystem services ecotourism. products services produced local communities source income, pharmaceutical, food beverage, cosmetic sectors development products. Ensuring biological resources sustainable manner crucial business sectors economic benefits generated long biological resources . Protection biodiversity heart BioTrade activity. , , countries losing biodiversity extremely alarming rates. fourth edition Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO4) (Secretariat CBD, 2014) mid-term assessment progress achieving Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011–2020 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets.13 report progress meeting components Aichi Targets, cases, additional action urgently required achieve Strategic Plan Biodiversity. BioTrade play vital role achieving Strategic Plan Biodiversity. Interest commercial biological resources powerful incentive encouraging biodiversity conservation. considerable potential growth sector: global market biodiversity-based businesses, including BioTrade, projected triple 2030 (ómez- Garcí al., 2014). effective mainstreaming biodiversity ecosystem services economic governmental sectors society key scaling BioTrade. includes elements: raising awareness biodiversity consumers, businesses governments biodiversity criteria effectively included purchasing decisions; improving enabling environment BioTrade policies legal frameworks; removing trade barriers; streamlining certification labelling products; strengthening supply chain management enhanced sustainability, traceability accountability. factors indispensable long-term success BioTrade contribution conservation sustainable biodiversity. elements achieved concerted efforts governments, international organizations, BioTrade companies local communities support effective BioTrade promotion market development. work achieve goals CBD, important steps support role BioTrade. BioTrade CBD – supporting conservation sustainable biodiversity3.1 “� work achieve goals ��CBD,��� important steps support role BioTrade... 30 20 years BioTrade 2013, Natura purchased carbon units Suruí Carbon Forest Project contributing conservation endangered rainforest Brazil. aimed -fund implementation Suruí’ 50-year “life plan” create sustainable economy. initiative part Natura’ Carbon Neutral Programme, committed neutralize 100 percent GHG emissions 2007. Talí Manceira Bonfante, Sustainability Coordinator, Natura Cosmeticos; Ivaneide�Bandeira� Cardozo, Kanindé, Strategic Partnerships Coordinator; Almir Narayamoga Suruí, Environmentalist, Political Activist Suruí Tribal Chief, Associaçã Metareilá; Vasco Roosmalen, Executive Director ECAM; Kachia� Techio, Indigenous Advisor, Associaçã Metareilá Science, biodiversity trade Sustainability challenges instigated Natura14 innovate business. 2000 Natura decision incorporate Brazilian biodiversity driver technological & platform. Establishing local partnership networks combining science TK Amazon communities, created jobs generated income opportunities collectors’ families, benefiting stakeholders involved. addition, strengthened maintenance rainforest economic development, fostering conservation. 2007 Natura launched Carbon Neutral Programme neutralize GHG emissions reduced company’ efforts. tender process, Natura started invest offsetting projects aimed generating positive social environmental impacts. context, sale forest-carbon credits generated REDD+ initiated indigenous community (Paiter-Suruí) place, providing innovative template indigenous people Amazon. Suruí Forest Carbon Project (SFCP) aims halt deforestation GHG emissions area intense deforestation pressure, Sete de Setembro Indigenous Territory (SSIT) (Figure 3.1), located -called Brazilian Amazon’ “deforestation arc”, Rondônia Mato Grosso states (IDESAM, 2011; Jaramillo al., 2016). protected area covers 248 000 hectares forest faces conflicts related illegal deforestation resulting agri- business interest converting forest pasture agriculture crops. Figure�3.1�Sete�de�Setembro�Indigenous�Territory Source: Soares, 2013. Note: IL refers indigenous lands. “ reality faced kind initiative tough... Natura Suruí Forest Carbon Project (Brazil)3.2 31 Chapter III. BioTrade planet Investing carbon credits protect forests improve people’ lives SFCP initiative led Paiter-Suruí, searching financial mechanisms implement forest conservation strategy, improving quality life, preserving traditional culture knowledge. initiative supports maintenance carbon stocks standing forests entire biodiversity SSIT involves associations composed Suruí people (IDESAM, 2011). 2013, Natura bought 120 000 verified carbon units project (Jaramillo al., 2016). revenue sale, managed Suruí Fund, invested 50-year “life plan”, aims improve indigenous people’ life quality enhance forest conservation traditional practices locality. main activity areas, alternative economy fosters sustainable activities generate income coffee, banana, Brazil nuts, cattle, tourism, babaç (Orbignya speciosa) fish farming (IDESAM, 2011). ensure understanding associations participation project free PIC process conducted, Brazilian legal framework (Ávila, 2010). activities target fauna conservation monitored indigenous agents collect data guide community importance biodiversity conservation. SFCP supports strengthening indigenous women’ craft activities promote income generation, culture conserve local biodiversity sale products shop indigenous territory. future – challenges opportunities implementation SFCP project elements catalyse biodiversity conservation sustainable socioeconomic development sales carbon credits BioTrade products services (.. derived NTF products sustainable tourism). arrangement generates virtuous circle: sales’ income invested structural actions strength sustainable supply chains foster local development livelihoods harmony nature. , reality faced kind initiative tough. combination forest conservation sustainable forestry depends factors mutual willingness traditional populations, government private sector. demand biodiversity-based products, gap suppliers ( cases small farmers, collectors, indigenous quilombolas – descendants Afro- Brazilian slaves) demand marketplace. suppliers difficulties meeting quality volume requirements establishing traceability systems. suppliers lack formal organizational governance demand complex logistics discourage private sector establishing commercial agreements. order build bridge biodiversity-based suppliers market, structural actions needed areas: •��Government�level:�Establish policies, laws legal instruments give legal certainty organizations companies practising BioTrade. •��Local�level: Invest social capital capacity-building programmes suppliers protagonists development, drive innovation monitor activities robust plan forestry management, processing units increase aggregate valorization biodiversity-based products. , important highlight BioTrade products forest carbon projects ( SFCP) involve communities complex sociocultural arrangements. , stakeholders involved relationship commercial transactions, enabling joint creative solutions overcome barriers arise kind economic activity. Amazon rainforest © Fotolia: gustavofrazao 32 20 years BioTrade Marí�Dolores� Guarderas, General Manager, WIKIRI .. Introduction Ecuador megadiverse country 569 amphibian species date. extraordinary diversity threatened extinction. IUCN (IUCN, 2008) world’ amphibians threatened extinct, largest numbers endangered species occur Latin America. Ecuador 200 species IUCN Red List. Global warming, pathogens, habitat destruction cocktail factors conspiring undermine survival amphibians. illegal traffic amphibians contributed declines . Generally, amphibian pet trade characterized illegal unethical practices, including capture wild frogs subsequent smuggling, false claims captive breeding sustainable farming unsustainable catch quotas (Brown al., 2011). scenario, WIKIRI, EcuaFrog brand, ethical legal option, aiming contribute reverse depletion amphibians. WIKIRI contributes research reducing amphibian depletion Wikiri EcuaFrog launched provide urgent action implement , creative multidisciplinary efforts reverse extinction trends. brings form ethical sustainable commerce combat wildlife trafficking. incorporates science social responsibility mindset business focused providing high quality products amphibian pet trade line BioTrade Principles. price products covers production costs implementing high quality standards good practices animal WIKIRI Ecuadorian BioTrade company breeds exports amphibians worldwide. EcuaFrog brand, sells laboratory- farm-bred amphibians related products pet trade. pioneer innovative scientific enterprise produces bio-knowledge business fund research conservation Ecuadorian amphibians. Box�3.1�WIKIRI��EcuaFrog WIKIRI products brands EcuaFrog, SelvaViva, EcuaGrillo, . WIKIRI exports 16 species morphs frogs pet market. demanded species devil poison frog Oophaga sylvatica, commercial morphs: Paru, Diablo Pata Blanca. WIKIRI supports conservation research programmes, executed Centro Jambatu (Center Amphibian Research Conservation) – Otonga Foundation. -profit NGO committed habitat protection, research, conservation education. Source: http://www.anfibioswebecuador.ec/ www.otonga.org. breeding, financing research conservation amphibians. date, WIKIRI developed unique technological advances improve breeding conservation 16 frog species Ecuador threatened extinction, including CITES- listed species. WIKIRI collaborates variety Ecuadorian scientists, Centro Jambatu (Box 3.1), support fundamental developing breeding techniques raise large numbers critically threatened populations. scientists utilized techniques enrich frog habitats, restore frog populations degraded forests developed situ breeding strategies ( laboratories) endangered species. WIKIRI’ key breeding technique provide proper diet, including dietary supplements, mitigate development metabolic issues captive frogs. Jointly, WIKIRI Centro Jambatu successful developing technologies breed raise endangered harlequin frogs Atelopus genus marsupial frogs Gastrotheca genus, . big step situ conservation programmes harlequin marsupial frogs Latin America, 100 species critically endangered. situ work Otonga Foundation’ private reserve, Otokiki, managed WIKIRI located Ecuadorian Chocó region. reserve, WIKIRI manages studies Oophaga sylvatica (Paru morph), Agalychnis spurrelli, Cruziohyla calcarifer Hypsiboas picturatus. Studies analyse natural history frogs enhanced habitat conditions. Based findings, WIKIRI recruited larger sized juveniles surplus animals pet trade. , EcuaFrog, WIKIRI amphibian pet trade (Ecuador)3.3 WIKIRI�laboratory��Quito,�Ecuador� © IK IR 33 Chapter III. BioTrade planet rely stocking wild, smuggled frogs. case frog species successfully raised situ WIKIRI facilities, laboratories Quito farmed Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. , morphs Epipedobates tricolor . anthonyi bred raised Quito, morphs devil poison frog (Oophaga sylvatica), bred Sapoparque La Florida, Santo Domingo. future sustainable trade Ecuadorian amphibians launch 2011, WIKIRI (www. wikiri..ec) pioneering amphibian breeder research company working BioTrade framework. WIKIRI continue financing helping develop research situ conservation programmes understand amphibians’ behaviour dynamics improve wild populations. promote sharing experiences knowledge improve breeding practices globally. WIKIRI promoting legal trade species working government authorities develop monitoring traceability systems order reduce frogs smuggling. company’ long-term growth success depends access expansion legal sustainable pet trade amphibians, Critically�endangered�harlequin� frogs (Atelopus elegans, Atelopus balios, Atelopus�sp.).� species part situ management programme called Arca de los Sapos Centro�Jambatu,���Otonga� Foundation. Tricolour poison frog raised WIKIRI�(Epipedobates tricolor, cielito�morph).��population� �suffered�significantly�due�� illegal�trafficking. Sun’ glass frog (Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum).����� species released legal pet trade��WIKIRI��2015. Diablito�(�devil)�poison�frog� raised��WIKIRI�(Oophaga sylvatica, diablo�morph).� Populations morph suffering�massive�declines�� northwestern Ecuador. Andean marsupial frog (Gastrotheca riobambae)�raised� �WIKIRI.�Laboratory-raised� frogs reintroduce previous habitat Quito, Ecuador. impact profitability. access market, company address, inter alia, challenges: delays obtaining research trade permits, fears spread pathogens, smuggling difficulties working conflict areas (.. Otokiki). , WIKIRI convinced committed engaging BioTrade effective tool conservation amphibians, hundreds flora fauna species characterize megadiverse country Ecuador. © WIKIRI© WIKIRI © WIKIRI © WIKIRI© WIKIRI 34 20 years BioTrade Klaus�ürbeck, Director; Stefan Lermer, Project Manager, Klaus ürbeck Consulting Kosovo, National Strategy -Wood Forest Products (NWFP) Sector 2014–2020 action plan developed cope country’ economic challenges support GIZ/COSiRA. instrument strengthen economy sustainable wild collection NWFP, based UNCTAD BT &, GACP (WHO, 2003) FairWild Standard (FairWild Foundation, 2010). Introduction 20 000 individual collectors, 100 -operators 10 processing companies part NWFP sector Kosovo. important source income, women minorities rural areas. current GIZ project “Competitiveness Private Sector Rural Areas” (COSiRA), based National Strategy -Wood Forest Products (NWFP) Sector 2014–2020 (henceforth “National Strategy”), supporting sector’ stakeholders implementing challenging activities related NWFP management Kosovo (MAFRD, 2014). project aims generate rural income sustainable wild collection NWFP. , 62 economically valuable plant species identified. NWFP strategy promote Kosovo’ development economy Kosovo faces challenges. main objectives government : reduce high Objectives��Pillar�:� Capacity�building��resource� owners�(private��public),� resource users collectors. Activities: • Pre-university vocational education forestry profiling; • Development sustainable training systems sustainable wild collection; • Intersectoral mobilization raising awareness importance NWFP; • Assessment improvement scientific research premises. Objectives��Pillar�II:� Resource management resource owners resource users. Activities: • Capacity development Kosovo Forest Agency National Park Administration; • Identification access rights; • Development sustainable management plans Kosovo forests national parks; • Development implementation licensing permit system. Objectives��Pillar�III:� Organization���private�sector,� including private forest owners, companies entrepreneurs. Activities: • Promoting establishment associations; • Creating favourable business climate; • Providing possibilities private sector undertake management public forests; • Initial land consolidation processes. Source: MAFRD, 2014. Box�3.2�Pillars,�objectives��activities��implementation���NWFP�strategy� unemployment poverty, strengthen public institutions infrastructure, improve business climate. Addressing objectives, Ministry Agriculture, Forestry Rural Development (MAFRD), Ministry Environment Spatial Planning Ministry Trade Industry developed strategies improve country’ economic development (MAFRD, 2014). National Strategy aims develop rural areas sustainable natural resources (Box 3.2). coordinates activities actors (public, private donors) sector, absorbs significant amount labour rural areas country. focus set income-generation activities rural population enhancing sector/regional competitiveness. balances production goods conservation nature sustainable biological resources, compliance international environmental agreements rules. Sustainability principles criteria applied wild collection -wood forest products (Kosovo)3.4 35 Chapter III. BioTrade planet Figure�3.2�-wood�forest�products��chain��Kosovo� strategy supports Kosovan institutions private sector : • Practical implementation collection permit issuing scheme areas administration Kosovo Forestry Agency National Park Agency; • Incorporating NWFP forestry management plans national park management plans; • Technical support University Pristina refurbish National Herbarium, collectors’ plant monographs identify collect species commercial ; • Developing disseminating concept/outline botanical identification manuals. strategy action plan follow principles FairWild Standard, WHO GACP UNCTAD BT &, management plan guideline (Becerra, 2009a) protect NWFP Kosovo sustainable basis. , FairWild Standard certifiable implementation standard national parks forest management units enables NWFP sustainable environment, fair share benefits rural communities, addition companies active sector (Figure 3.2). context, COSiRA project supporting sector’ stakeholders overcome challenging activities related sustainable management natural resources. , : • Legalizes monitors sustainable wild collection; • Complies national international requirements related protection environment implementation fair social standards; • positions strengthens integration national chain stakeholders relevant international chains, products derived Primula veris, Juniperus communis, Fragaria vesca Vaccinium myrtillus; • Attracts facilitates investment enhancing added activities country. Source: ProFound- Advisers Development, 2015. © la ü ck su lti ng “� , 62 economically valuable plant species identified... Fragaria vesca 36 20 years BioTrade Juniperus communis�growing�wild��Kosovo Primula veris Ways developing NWFP sector Kosovo party MEAs CITES CBD, aware 2030 Development Agenda SDGs. Based NWFP resource management Sharri National Park pilot forest management units, resource owners position commit human financial resources implement police respective resource management plans. national stakeholder working group, including private forest owners, discussion forum civil society functioning forest owners users transform resource NWFP added format based FairWild Standard management standard, based WHO GACP (WHO, 2003). COSiRA/GIZ spearheading implementation National Strategy supporting actors concerned ministries establish product identity;substantiating botanical identification National Herbarium Pristina, collaboration Herbarium Botanische Staatssammlung Munich, Germany, international reference. main lessons learned context COSiRA activities implementing sustainable wild collection : • formation national stakeholder working group proved crucial identifying activating stakeholders concerned working inputs international experts providing information training active participation working group meetings. • Supporting trust building process development National Strategy allowed stakeholders active participation representation. • Product identity proved cornerstone; required refurbishment National Herbarium reference point resource owners users conservation sustainable resulted renewed recognition institution. • trust building access international markets participating companies strengthened product documentation based principles FairWild Standard. Recommendations upscale sustainable management trade NWFP, engine promote sustainable development conservation biodiversity : • consensus National Strategy members national working group offers structure investment conservation sustainable wild resources Kosovo sustainable wild collection based FairWild Standard. • Overcoming limitations human financial resources successful implementation. • training stakeholder groups forest guards customs processes botanical identification, resource assessment management, requires additional efforts policing implementation informed, motivated personnel. “� National Strategy aims develop rural areas sustainable natural resources... © la ü ck su lti ng © la ü ck su lti ng 37 Chapter III. BioTrade planet Vanessa�Ingar, BioTrade Specialist; Harol Gutiérrez, CITES Specialist, Ministry Environment (MINAM), Peru Implementing traceability systems trade ornamental plants major issues strengthening control legal trade regulation. traceability fundamental element ensuring conservation promotion BioTrade practices. Peruvian case study setup implement orchid traceability system project, benefits challenges . Introduction international trade ornamental plant species major pressures related conservation wild orchid populations (MINAM, 2014). Peru, market potential based diversity orchids, estimated 2600–3000 species. richest resource areas located Amazon region (Brako Zarucchi, 1993; Roque Leó, 2006). trade orchids adhering CITES requirements, important market, support sustainable biodiversity. Peru legal framework guides trade Forest Wildlife Law 29763, focuses sustainable artificial orchid reproduction centres, regulating penalizing illegal trafficking trade wild species. , control documentation mechanisms enable species’ mobilization reproduction centres, orchids nurtured final destination (consumer), forestry transportation permits, complete history orchid, nursery commercial outlet, tracked. , crucial information assure origin monitor trade authorized nursery lost. San Martí – richest orchids regions considered emerging market ornamental species – traceability initiative orchids initiated support úBiodiverso project (SECO/GIZ). results project demonstrated advantages traceability positive perspectives offers sustainable Traceability orchids: win-win tool enhance sustainable trade (Peru)3.5 Cattleya orchids nursery Peru ©SERFOR 38 20 years BioTrade harmonized trade line biodiversity conservation BioTrade Principles. Peru, National Forestry Wildlife Service (Servicio Nacional Forestal de Fauna Silvestre), CITES Management Authority, responsible legal trade wild species reproduced land, assuring species traceability managing administrative requirements CITES. Implementing traceability system orchids pilot project implemented traceability mechanism trade orchids biggest nurseries San Martí region, Vivero Agro Oriente. developed information management tools monitoring standard, unique codification/ identity. assured traceability orchid collection final consumer. Initially, technology capacity challenges, manual organization registers unique database raised problems related identification parental breeding stock, management - identified clones control lost crops, . project ended, orchid species nursery identified detail systematized inventory, technical sheets, GTIN-13 standard code, images documentation species’ unique characteristics. master database, information related providers, clients, employees, transportation adequately identified registered. relevant result improvement nursery’ entry exit control plants production centres. highlighted importance traceability proposal key tool strengthening existing control mechanisms, enhancing inspection tracking processes led CITES Management Authority, clarifying difference nursery’ estimated real orchid production. nursery orchid exporter fulfilling required permits governance structure enables monitoring tracking species origin. Productive conservation based sustainable biodiversity efficient conservation alternatives – correct management controls. context, ornamental plants trade good model productive conservation, legal trade based artificial cultivation facilitated. Decreasing risk illegality (wild harvest) ensures trade detrimental wild populations, requires strengthening promoting mechanisms traceability.“ Productive conservation based sustainable biodiversity efficient�conservation� alternatives... Cyrtochilum sp. ©MINAMBreeding orchids laboratory © SE RF © SE RF 39 Chapter III. BioTrade planet Mormodes rolfeana Comparettia sp. ©MINAM ©MINAM Upscaling experience national level Traceability systems ornamental nurseries essential support assure sustainable trade species. , combined control command mechanisms regulatory frameworks successful implementation. enables effective monitoring, regulation control, improves operation actors involved. Peruvian CITES Management Authority, technical support Scientific Authority (Ministry Environment), promote traceability system projects years mechanism strengthening CITES processes, limiting illegal trafficking trade orchids, guarantee sustainable . , systems enable national orchid nurseries competitive advantage accessing international markets. Traceability enhances transparency reputation nurseries products (orchids) clients governments, enables competitive marketing positioning tool local international level. win-win situation actors involved orchid chain. 40 20 years BioTrade 4 BioTrade marketsThrough BioTrade, beneficiaries – companies, associations projects – placing products services national markets regional international variety biodiversity-based sectors. section includes case studies working flora ecosystem services (sustainable tourism) Africa, Asia Latin America. BioTrade��markets:�Case�studies���contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs Case�study Aichi Targets Sustainable�Development�Goals 4.1 BioTrade market-driven strategies develop biodiversity-based sectors businesses 4.2 Developing inclusive resilient indigenous natural products sector (southern Africa) 2, 4, 7, 16, 19 8, 9, 12, 15 4.3 Communitarian ecotourism: idea full nature (Colombia) 1, 2, 4 8, 12, 15 4.4 Promoting sustainable cocoa (Ecuador) 2, 3, 4, 19 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 4.5 food regulation: technical protocol Sacha inchi oil (Peru) 4, 19 9, 12 4.6 needed push (Viet Nam) 4, 7, 19 9, 12, 15 © ot ol ia : itr iy ile nk 41 Chapter IV. BioTrade markets BioTrade��markets:�Case�studies���contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs Lorena Jaramillo, Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD BioTrade, fosters sustainable trade biodiversity- derived products services, contributes development trade agendas addressing biodiversity loss poverty. 20 years, UNCTAD, partners practitioners, building BioTrade enabling environment, strengthening chain actors’ capacities trade added products services, facilitating access key markets. impact biodiversity social concerns trade development agendas BioTrade considered market- driven incentive sustainable conservation biodiversity equitable sharing benefits generated trade. recognized UNCTAD MEA mandates. instance, responds trade-related aspects CBD Article 10 sustainable , 11 incentive measures Aichi Target 3. Similarly, CITES-UNCTAD collaboration recognizes role economic incentives play sustainable resource management. growing trends sustainable, natural, environmentally socially responsible consumption production patterns trigger sale BioTrade biodiversity- based products services. Raising awareness valorizing biodiversity creating developing markets seizing market opportunities (UNCTAD, 2013). , consumers sourcing practices ingredients services purchased, shown 2016 Biodiversity Barometer. Similarly, importance biodiversity increasingly recognized trade agreements Trans- Pacific Partnership includes, inter alia, commitment partners combat wildlife trafficking, illegal logging illegal fishing (Office United States Trade Representative, ..). trends important driver BioTrade goal conserving biodiversity, promoting sustainable livelihoods creating broader sustainable development opportunities. Market access biodiversity products increasingly affected -tariff measures (NTMs). NTMs commercial policy instruments (.. subsidies, trade defence measures), stem -trade policy objectives (.. food safety environmental protection) (Erasmus al., 2014). “NTMs restrictive distorting effects international trade. comprise complex technical barriers trade (TBT) sanitary phytosanitary (SPS) measures” (Cadot al., 2015) difficult comply . BioTrade actions access national international markets Accessing markets, premium , motivates BioTrade biodiversity-based businesses continue implementing sustainability principles. businesses resources continue operations. Exporters’ understanding compliance requirements (.. SPS regulations standards) key markets, essential accessing . Standards, ISO (International Organization Standardization), hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP), GMP, Globalgap WHO GACP, BioTrade market-driven strategies develop biodiversity-based sectors businesses4.1 “� Accessing markets, premium , motivates BioTrade biodiversity-based businesses continue implementing sustainability principles... 42 20 years BioTrade market place. Additionally, voluntary sustainability standards increasingly key accessing premium markets. Strategies implemented BioTrade partners globe include tackling understanding consumers’ preferences distribution channels, reaching buyers added, high quality differentiated products services. Experience shown inclusive, involve broad number national international organizations experts, guarantee flow information benefit sharing chain actors. BioTrade’ chain approach leads fulfilling market requirements. helped development BioTrade-friendly enabling policy •�Enabling�policy�environment:� Identifying addressing policy gaps duplication national international levels, market barriers negatively affecting trade BioTrade products services. instance, understanding complying regulations voluntary requirements target markets challenging SMEs developing countries. SPS TBT requirements, biodiversity-based traditional food products, EU NFR resulted time-consuming significant costs due trials risks assessment funded jointly companies, BioTrade partners donors. Similarly, regulations Nagoya Protocol essential create policy environment complies international requirements supports BioTrade implements principle ABS. •�Market�access: Developing collaborative models programmes (.. B2B, public-private partnerships, business associations), participating trade fairs buyer-seller missions aiming facilitate market linkages SME providers BioTrade products services potential buyers national international levels. Technical assistance programmes, coaching funding conceived instance develop substantive supporting documents (.. material safety datasheets) implement traceability systems. countries, partners organized specialized trade fairs, Perunatura, promotion country-flag products. •�Geographical�indications�� appellation origin: Recognize identify typical characteristics product service development process integrating specific - , “cacao arriba” appellation developed National BioTrade Programme Ecuador support Ecuadorian Intellectual Property Institute, UNCTAD, cocoa producers, companies research associations (Jaramillo, 2012). •�Market�differentiation�schemes: Formulate implement company branding product standards focusing “sustainability”, “biodiversity” “social, inclusive fair trade”, speciality products, “peacebuilding post-conflict recovery” concepts. Standards certifications tools address emergence consumer demand information “sustainable” products services, production processes, improve quality traceability products, fulfilling regulatory developments development agenda (SDGs, climate change, natural resources depletion). & plays key role, instance development products enhanced product differentiation. •�Enhancing�consumer�awareness:� Focusing area highlighting social environmental benefits BioTrade products services order enhance market . implemented Viet Nam. Biodiversity Barometer contributes measures consumer awareness relation biodiversity. •�Access��market�information:� Involves market intelligence specialized studies websites, technical assistance capacity-building activities, specific market access guidelines, . •�Access��finance: Creating funds, accessing venture capital enabling commercial banks develop specific credit lines CORPEI CAPITAL (Ecuador) Ventures Biodiversity Investor Forum Andean-Amazonian region (UNCTAD- CAF-World Resources Institute) promote concrete investment opportunities venture capital bio-businesses (https:// sustainabledevelopment..org/ partnership/=1586). environment, formulation implementation tools activities access national international markets. Partnerships essential BioTrade, instance working trade promotion agencies developing countries, Export Tourism Promotion Agency Peru (PROMPERU), Corporació de Promoció de Exportaciones Inversiones Ecuador (CORPEI) Uganda Export Promotion Board, trade promotion programmes centres developed countries, Dutch Centre Promotion Imports Developing Countries Swiss Import Promotion Programme, international agencies, ITC. Box 4.1 examples actions . Concluding remarks Accessing creating markets biodiversity products services complex complicated issue requires enhancing capacity chain actors keeping date market consumer requirements. , basis developing profitable, long- term commercial businesses, products services sustainably enhancing livelihoods sourcing communities. Box 4.1 Actions BioTrade partners access markets 43 Chapter IV. BioTrade markets entrepreneur world, route success challenging journey requires patience methodology. start- located developing country, supporting tools designed. reach stage business viability, joining forces remains key starting point credo PTA’ proposition members. éronique Rossow, Head Research Development, PhytoTrade Africa (PTA) Boabab Kigelia africana bottom- approach PhytoTrade Africa membership- based trade association created 2001 southern Africa. time, main objectives mutualize efforts funding stakeholders working local indigenous plant species, bring share technical market support regional chain approach. BioTrade initiative started marula oil chain, expanded additional southern African species. Fifteen years , connects 55 SMEs (producers) countries (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia Zimbabwe), representing 12 500 local collectors (PTA, 2015). terms products, members involved valorization 10 focal species,15 NTF products occur southern African countries. preparation robust diversification strategy regional indigenous natural product (INP) sector, PTA gathered data pipeline species identified represent commercial interest, food cosmetic sectors. information, Figure 4.1. recurrent commonality PTA network strong commitment entrepreneurs sustainable biodiversity (.. establishment resource management plans), investment developing long-term business relationships collectors/harvesters. line BioTrade Principles embedded PTA’ charter. dedication social environmental impacts transactional cost, PTA mitigates providing range technical commercial supports, fostering network’ competitiveness. Developing inclusive resilient indigenous natural products sector (southern Africa)4.2 “� challenges bottom- approach, critical ensuring long- term commercial success... Natal mahogany © PhytoTrade Africa © hy Tr ad Af ric 44 20 years BioTrade Lessons learned challenges bottom- approach, critical ensuring long-term commercial success. iconic chains PTA supported (marula oil baobab powder), strategic steps pre-requisite entering product development: •���grassroots�–�patience�� methodology. identification species, scaled production, level investment high terms time, financially. investigations conducted, ranging resource assessments, commercial potential, technology equipment evaluations. years, sample tests process evaluations local artisanal small oil production scalable marula oil production reproducible marketable specifications (CRIAA SA-DOC, 2010). •���market�access�–�caution�� methodology�(). local market target product sales. sufficient profitable revenues. preparing business plans, SMEs target export sales, consumer purchasing power higher country origin. Depending industrial sector geographical zone, entering market implies fulfilling specific NTMs regulatory compliance label certification. cultural geographical distances, combined complexity compliance procedures difficult single producer prepare compliance . related costs put risk return investment ( simply viability) business. PTA started procedures years obtaining EU NFR United States America Generally Recognized Safe (GRAS) status baobab fruit powder 2008. involved mobilizing members countries, provide representative samples respective production order build meaningful regulatory dossier. chain approach allowed decreasing risks costs business level, benefiting -members, access EU United States markets marginal costs. enthusiasm reward bring successes quickly ensure businesses sustainability. “incubating” endeavours, strengthen network, PTA started build strategy higher resilience membership. adaptive management developing “fit purpose” diversification strategies, capturing added locally . African region, future “bio-economy”16 highly dependent national policies support local innovation entrepreneurship (Lombard, 2015). remains challenging connect small local producers international players. imbalance strength decreased processes, involving: efficient capacity-building training, suitable access finance, mainstreaming business resilience developing inclusive chains. entry force Nagoya Protocol ABS plays important role providing legal tools foster fairer win-win business relationships. forefront Nagoya Protocol implementation, network, PTA advocacy role critical members entire INP sector. Flowers��fruits��indigenous�natural�products Martha�.�Kangandjo-Negumbo,� Manager���Eudafano�Women’� Cooperative�(Namibia)���trade� fair Europe © PhytoTrade Africa © hy Tr ad Af ric 45 Chapter IV. BioTrade markets Figure�4.1�PhytoTrade�Africa © PhytoTrade Africa 46 20 years BioTrade Developing communitarian ecotourism Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (PNN) (National Natural Parks Colombia) valuable tool social assessment recognition benefits nature; significant inputs consolidate BioTrade. process commercial innovation based natural cultural assets adapted dynamic global market’ demands, growing significantly. Juliana Hoyos Moncayo, Environmental Business Specialist, National Natural Parks Colombia, Ministry Environment Sustainable Development Translated Carolina Valbuena Osorio support Lorena Jaramillo, UNCTAD Introduction BioTrade includes cultural identity natural diversity fundamental elements sustainable development conservation natural cultural heritage Colombia. universally, positioning environmental businesses sustainable economy depends societies’ production consumption patterns, appreciation recognition benefits people derive nature. 20 years, growth nature-based tourism global market increased (UNWTO, 2010) enhanced essential role local communities conservation natural resources (Kiper, 2013). article shows experience group entrepreneurs inspired communitarian ecotourism successfully positioned recognized biodiversity conservation programmes Colombia (PNN, 2015). Colombia – destination peace nature Colombia stands 10 countries highest biodiversity world. privileged position forces government formulate policies defining country’ land productive development. policies recognize importance biodiversity consolidate peace development scenarios. exceptional conditions Colombian nature culture, PNN unique terms geography, biology culture. perfect scenario contemplation enjoyment ecotourism activities.17 Colombia receives 4.2 million foreign visitors year, 10 cent visit PNN (PROCOLOMBIA, 2016). decade, Colombian tourism sector experienced 12.7 cent growth, highest income- generating activity country, minerals oil exports (Revista Dinero, 2015). Nature-based tourism maintains positive behaviour comparison sectors, instance, PNN visits registered 6 cent growth 2015 (Figure 4.2). represents approximately million foreign national visitors. , number visitors grew 11.7 cent quarter 2016 (PNN, 2016c). Figure�4.2�Visitor�numbers��National�Natural�Parks��Colombia�(2013–2015) Source: PNN, 2015. Communitarian ecotourism: idea full nature (Colombia)4.3 “� Ecotourism major sector great potential Colombia.��effort� needed enhance development openness international markets sustainable manner... Ecoturismo Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia 870 000 890 000 910 000 930 000 950 000 970 000 990 000 201520142013 47 Chapter IV. BioTrade markets real significance communitarian ecotourism opportunities create tangible intangible attributes nature infinite. Diversity considered principal attraction destinations chosen travellers wishing experience local culture nature (.. annually 6.4 million European travellers interested communitarian ecotourism (UNWTO, 2016). UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) points tourism social, cultural economic phenomenon requires long chain production; making tourism inclusive economic activities global level. Differing conventional tourism, communitarian ecotourism enlarges social scope, claiming role local communities play conservation heritage (Comité Interinstitucional de Ecoturismo, 2007). Colombia, Communitarian Ecotourism Programme National Parks (CEPNN) started conservation strategy decade parks Andean, Caribbean Pacific regions (Figure 4.3).18 CEPNN : • Improve maintain conservation status PNN • Promote social valorization nature • Generate benefits improve local communities’ quality life (Bio- comercio Colombia, 2014). 2008, 10 communitarian ecotourism initiatives (CEIs) implemented; includes contract provision communitarian ecotourism services actions. CEPNN support GEF-CAF-UNEP Andean BioTrade Project “Facilitation financing biodiversity-based businesses support market development activities Andean region” (Biocomercio Colombia, 2014) CEI enhanced knowledge skills develop BioTrade businesses, implement sustainability principles criteria (.. BioTrade) good ecotourism practices. Additionally, diversified economic activities developing products chains ecotourism handicrafts. knowledge sharing scenario created , enhanced skills related commercial promotional strategies implementation business Ecotourism chains Handicrafts chains Source: PNN website: www.parquesnacionales.gov.. Figure�4.3�National�Natural�Parks��Colombia� PNN Utrí, humpback whale © Fundació Yubarta 48 20 years BioTrade plans, aiming enrich capacity develop nature-based tourism companies. 2014, number visitors CEIs increased 4.6 cent 2013 2014 generating US$313 000 sales, 95–97 cent visitor satisfaction registered years (figures 4.4 4.5) (PNN, 2016c). Similarly, CEIs increased revenues 54 cent. CEPNN, 80 cent CEIs promoted initiative domestic international markets raising awareness implementing promotion commercialization activities, including technologies social media (Twitter, Facebook Instagram).19 , number PNN increased 11 located departments (Figure 4.3). Today, communitarian entrepreneurs focus obtaining sustainability certification activities, enhancing language skills diversifying products, activities services. achieved enhancing participation actors ecotourism chain fostering empowerment local communities. Conclusions Ecotourism major sector great potential Colombia. effort needed enhance development openness international markets sustainable manner. Competitiveness sector challenge requires investing infrastructure equipment human talent. efforts strengthen communities’ entrepreneurship organizational capacities, enable manage assets financial resources promote touristic product. , support enhance research innovation capacities develop ecotourism products fulfilling sustainability standards (.. BioTrade). establish network public, private civil society avoid duplicating efforts. business point view, designing touristic experience implies synergy multiple elements enhance positioning, development innovation product. Naturar Iguaque (2015) stated: “ () stop selling beds food Figure�4.4�Visitor�flows��communitarian�ecotourism�destinations Figure�4.5�Revenue�(2014) 0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 1000 000 1200 000 1400 000 201520142013 PNN Corales del Rosario PNN El Cocuy PNN Utrí PNN Chingaza SFF Iguaque SFF Otú Quimbaya 0 50 000 000 100 000 000 150 000 000 200 000 000 250 000 000 300 000 000 350 000 000 2014 PNN Corales del Rosario PNN El Cocuy PNN Utrí SFF Iguaque SFF Otú Quimbaya Source: PNN, 2016a. Source: PNN, 2016b. promote unique experience, based -creation,20 establishing ‘visitor’ experience’ heart communitarian ecotourism promise”. Close interaction local communities essential generate positive change public private actors local, regional national levels. important generate positive response safeguarding natural resources. approach fosters enlightened private participation conservation. tool territorial planning environmental management PNN. CEPNN strong institutional business insight fosters role BioTrade development Andean region. encourages inspiring idea BioTrade idea Colombia reality. PNN�Los�Nevados,�Laguna�del�Espejo�(Mirror�Lake) © Juan Manuel Torres 49 Chapter IV. BioTrade markets UNOCACE, cocoa producers’ association, working 1999 enhance livelihoods small cocoa farmers surrounding biodiversity coastal provinces Ecuador. focuses producing exporting high quality differentiated cocoa beans niche markets Europe United States America. shares experience knowledge strengthen cocoa sector. Freddy�Cabello, Manager, UNOCACE; Lorena Jaramillo, Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD Background Union de Organizaciones Campesinas Cacaoteras (UNOCACE) organization part Ecuadorian Popular Solidarity Economy (Economí Popular Solidaria) created 1999. groups 927 small cocoa farmers 4157 hectares national high quality cocoa (Theobroma cacao) fino de aroma. cocoa plantations located provinces (Guayas, Los íos, El Oro Bolívar) managed BioTrade Principles. line organic, fair trade, biodiversity-friendly requirements post-harvest processes resulting high quality product. strategy combining cocoa crops biodiversity enabled UNOCACE participate BioTrade activities, starting early 2000 Ecuadorian National BioTrade Programme 2011 Andean BioTrade Programme. support enabled UNOCACE consolidate commercialization strategy organic fair trade cocoa, access high- quality markets Europe United States America; resulting increase income members. , biodiversity- friendly strategies implemented BioTrade, doubled annual productivity family cocoa plots, 200 500 kilograms hectare. goal achieve 1000 kilograms hectare year. UNOCACE providing technical assistance cocoa producers’ associations managerial quality programmes enhancing sustainable cocoa farms BT & (CORPEI/MAE, 2014). Figure�4.6��York�Stock�Exchange�price��UNOCACE’�producer� price��farm�(January�2013��June�2016) © Freddy Cabello Promoting sustainable cocoa (Ecuador)4.4 Cocoa�fino de aroma © UNOCACE 50 20 years BioTrade Accessing international cocoa markets UNOCACE strongly focused accessing international markets high quality cocoa. developed public-private partnerships European chocolate manufacturers, recognize uniqueness cocoa developed environmentally socially responsible practices. , main markets accessed Swiss chocolate industry, captures 60 cent UNOCACE’ production premium price (free board) US$1000 metric ton. enabled cocoa farmers earn stable income price, avoiding normal shift prices related commodities. cases, cocoa farmers receive higher price stated York Stock Exchange, situation Ecuadorian cocoa sector cocoa producing countries. 2015, difference price paid cocoa farmers stock exchange price resulted additional income approximately US$235 000 (Figure 4.6). continues motivate UNOCACE members implement projects enhance quality productivity cocoa farms working BioTrade Principles. Recommendations enhancing markets associations small cocoa farmers Ecuador Cocoa strategic economic sector Ecuador represents major source export revenue employment. 2015, export revenues cocoa surpassed US$749 million (260 540 metric tons) employed 120 000 producer families (ANECACAO, 2016). pioneer sector established Ecuadorian appellation origin cocoa “Arriba” 2008. UNOCACE producers sector associations supported UNCTAD Ecuadorian BioTrade Programme -year process gain appellation (Jaramillo, 2012). important foster create policies improve productive practices cocoa farms develop policies upscale support environmentally socially responsible cocoa farms improve cocoa production systems. illustrated UNOCACE experience significantly improving livelihoods cocoa producers implementing biodiversity-friendly systems (.. agroforestry). important aspect identify niche markets species cocoa farms derived industrialized products. increase producer families’ incomes cash flow. recommendations enhance market access small cocoa producers : • Knowing target markets consumers product business model match consumer expectations. • Enhancing quality product ongoing task, combined social environmental considerations chain. • Identifying implementing mechanisms provide stable purchasing price cocoa producers. • Establishing commercial long- term partnerships buyers uniqueness UNOCACE’ social environmental cocoa beans. , important diversify buyers, avoid dependence minimize risk. UNOCACE working point, accessed markets Canada buyers, resulting BioTrade support (CORPEI/MAE, 2014; CAF, 2014). • Implementing strategies diversify product ranges, instance developing added (.. cocoa liquor nibs). • Formulating implementing strategies ongoing basis enhance income producers, .. identifying niche markets products produced farms increasing added agro- industrialization. © AC © ob er ib 51 Chapter IV. BioTrade markets 2013, Peruvian sacha inchi firms joined efforts overcome important trade barriers accessing European market natural products: authorization food. considerable milestone led increased integration chain; steps enhance governance . Nathalie Gil, Technical Advisor úBioInnova; Lena�Katzmarski, Principal Advisor úBioInnova, support Manuel Rojas, Technical Advisor ProAmbiente, GIZ Peru Background Plukenetia volubilis ., commonly sacha inchi, inka peanut inka nut, wild oleaginous, climbing plant native Amazon region. Peru, naturally distributed Amazon regions San Martí, Ucayali, Huánuco, Amazonas, Madre de Dios Loreto. Peruvian indigenous communities recognized exceptional properties sacha inchi centuries, cosmetics health purposes (IIAP, 2016). decade, sacha inchi domesticated Peru, San Martí main cultivation area. Initially, national regional authorities, BioTrade projects úBiodiverso (-financed SECO German Development Cooperation, implemented GIZ), promoted development (Box 4.2). , stage UNCTAD’ BioTrade Facilitation Programme (2003–2008), sacha inchi priority chain selected implement BT &. international market, sacha inchi vegetable oil considered true “superfood”, richest sources omega-3 fatty acids high amounts protein, fibre antioxidants (Flores Lock, 2013). dietary supplement, vegetarians vegans. Sacha inchi sold form protein powder snack. Box 4.2 úBiodiverso project sacha inchi 2007 2013, úBiodiverso project (SECO/GIZ jointly Peruvian Government) continued supporting promotion BioTrade Peru. project focused, inter alia, developing sacha inchi chain regional national levels. established institutionalized regional sacha inchi table San Martí; supported sacha inchi companies public-private partnerships accompanied food application process sacha inchi oil access EU market. Sacha inchi © Jonas öppel food regulation: technical protocol Sacha inchi oil (Peru)4.5 52 20 years BioTrade “ food” driver collective action , 50 Peruvian firms export sacha inchi products form oil, powder, snacks seeds United States America, Europe Asian countries, attaining market segments (conventional, organic). Exporting firms identified EU market promising natural ingredient. , order access processed sacha inchi products oil powder, exporters faced market requirement: EU NFR . 258/9721 acts barrier. order enter EU market sacha inchi oil, Peruvian firms (Agrodindustrias Osho SAC, Amazon Health Products SAC, Roda Selva SAC,22 Olivos del Sur SAC) – working BioTrade Principles – submitted application Food Safety Authority Ireland (FSAI). application substantial equivalence sacha inchi virgin oil ( Plukenetia volubilis . seeds) “ inchi” virgin oil derived plant sold EU market. recognized equivalent linseed oil. step obtain food authorization establishing multisectoral technical committee, comprising PROMPERU, Ministry Foreign Trade Tourism (MINCETUR), National Sanitation Authority, Peruvian Institute Natural Products. supported project úBiodiverso. commission’ task rigorously collect systematize required scientific information sacha inchi (taxonomic description, distribution, phytochemical information) develop dossier oil, submitted FSAI. existing platforms crucial obtaining food authorization. national level, BioTrade Research Innovation Group (GIIB), formed 2008, nexus participating universities private sector. Jointly Cayetano Heredia National University, GIIB developed sacha inchi oil nutritional composition information – basis dossier. regional level, table sacha inchi, established 2006, initially served negotiation platform producers’ organizations firms San Martí. , table ideal space articulation regional actors (producers, firms, universities) preparation dossier. September 2014, efforts culminated favourable opinion FSAI equivalence sacha inchi virgin oil linseed oil, allowing Peruvian firms export oil EU. PROMPERU, úBioInnova (-financed SECO German Development Cooperation, implemented GIZ), documented experience manual Peruvian firms preparing food dossier (EU regulation 258/97), regulation enters force (Box 4.3). Sacha inchi products November 2015, EU adopted regulation foods (2015/2283) aims centralize authorization procedure covers additional products previous regulation. European Food Safety Authority responsible scientific risk assessment. framework, authorization procedure food reduced years 18 months. facilitates access EU market traditional foods -EU countries demonstrated history safe food (safe consumption food significant number country’ population 25 years). aim simplify application process, EFSA draft guidance documents suggest scientific analyses dossier exigent. regulation force 1 January 2018. Source: European Commission, 2016. © PROMPERU “��Exporting�firms�identified��EU� market promising natural ingredient... Box 4.3 EU regulation foods 53 Chapter IV. BioTrade markets Table 4.1 Peruvian exports sacha inchi�oil���EU�market�(US$)Positioning sacha inchi 2013, widely agreed public institutions PROMPERU, sacha inchi firms, food authorization open promising market opportunities Peruvian firms. , official statistics, sacha inchi oil exports increased approval. firm increase exports; firms (Roda Selva SAC Olivos del Sur SAC) longer exporting (Table 4.1). early finally assess impact food authorization, concerns future Peruvian sacha inchi oil chain. , Asian countries developed long-term strategies provide sacha inchi derivatives international markets, presenting fierce competition “original” Peruvian sacha inchi. , Peruvian stakeholders shown slow reaction capturing opportunities arising accessing EU market product. , reaching consensus main players responsible Company 2014 2015 Trade evolution Amazon Health Products SAC US$133 399 US$182 942 37.14 cent Agroindustrias Osho SAC US$195 108 US$181 697 -6.87 cent Source: PROMPERU, 2016. Processing sacha inchi © GIZ food authorization considered significant milestone. multisectoral committee enabled collective actions generated trust parties, disseminated rules market requirement. , collaborative efforts needed. Governance important creation, transfer dissemination knowledge generated, lost importance authorization obtained. , efforts focus strengthening chain’ governance. Led public sector implemented coordination private sector, long-term competitiveness strategy sacha inchi developed enhance chain capture EU market opportunities. Additionally, efforts continue foster & order support innovation production transformation stages, implement efficiency indicators protect biodiversity. Finally, processes certify origin creation collective brand initiated order position Peruvian sacha inchi products niche markets. 54 20 years BioTrade natural worldwide trend sparks opportunities suppliers natural ingredients. Coming country rich biological resources natural ingredients, Vietroselle place needed seize success. Linh Nguyen, Communication Officer, BIG Introduction: dedication Vietnamese small business reach big markets hot sunny day Lam watching trucks loaded diep-ha-chau (phyllanthus amarus) leaves coming gate. burning sun, felt lucky diep-ha-chau sun dried today machine dried, saving company lot energy. “ heat middle Viet Nam bad ”, (personal communication Hoang Xuan Lam, Director, Vietroselle). Lam wife, Tuyet-Anh, Vietroselle, company specialized providing natural herbs ingredients pharmaceutical, food cosmetics industries. Founding company 1980s, small steps cultivating natural herbs cooperating local farmers. Working hard earn trust farmers obtain purchasing contracts, Vietroselle recognized supplier natural herbs sector. Foreseeing inevitable trend quality, Vietroselle started implementing international standards cultivation production processes. technical staff researched aspects, basics fertilizers , water provide, document process; develop standard cultivation procedures herb . Training farmers procedures easy practices. hard work paid Vietroselle established contract international buyers Europe, Japan Taiwan, Province China, move high quality considerably raised manufacturing costs prices. products exceeded buyers’ quality requirements, motivating buyers pay higher price initially offered. time, Vietroselle decided Diep-ha-chau (phyllanthus amarus) © BIG needed push (Viet Nam)4.6 “��Working�hard��earn� trust farmers ��obtain��� purchasing contracts, Vietroselle recognized supplier natural herbs sector... 55 Chapter IV. BioTrade markets establishing domestic network local manufacturers preferred priced imported ingredients China, 80 cent revenues exports (Ta, 2013). Vietroselle involved beginning UNCTAD/SECO funded BioTrade project developing BioTrade activities natural ingredients sector Viet Nam. Vietroselle management’ commitment sustainability business potential, company’ diep-ha-chau supply chain selected pilot project. Firstly, Vietroselle received technical assistance obtain WHO GACP certification; gaining membership UEBT. , company trained variety topics, including marketing, communication trade promotion. Thirdly, Vietroselle companies supported participate relevant national international trade fairs. , , BioTrade project initiated forum manufacturers constructively discuss issues ideas. project involved 10 pioneering companies working herbal medicines/ingredients accounting 80 cent domestic market share. companies discussed strengths weaknesses, planned sector’ development. , manufacturers longer rivals, , suppliers ingredients Lam Tuyet-Anh factory Vietroselle Vietnamese companies international trade fair produce. , mechanism trading BioTrade companies facilitated time. Upscaling Vietroselle: steps 2015, Vietroselle obtained WHO GACP certification cultivation diep-ha-chau UEBT membership, enhanced competitive edge. funding, Vietroselle committed implementing certifications chains. , skills acquired training BioTrade project enhanced skills confidence proactively seek contracts passively waiting contacted buyers. Additionally, manufacturers’ forum formalized platform called BioTrade Implementation Group (BIG), created opportunities Vietroselle supplier domestic manufacturers. , Vietroselle’ products sold domestically, representing 80 cent sales, exports grown slower rate. result BioTrade project, Vietroselle’ sales increased times years 2012 2015 (HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation Viet Nam, 2015). future bright Vietroselle, plenty tasks undertake. sales growing national market, strengthen distribution channels reach customers. importantly, competitive edge certified standards compliance add customers understand meaning. dedication investment required raise awareness Vietnamese consumers sector advantages products BioTrade, Vietroselle . BIG, Vietroselle join efforts improve sustainable sector general; , time, raise Viet Nam’ profile globally important arena. aim mobilize government stakeholders join dream. © BIG © BIG 56 20 years BioTrade 5 PartnershipsDeveloping partnerships essential achieving sustainable development, addressing emerging issues impact biodiversity BioTrade. instance, partnerships address developments MEAs ( Nagoya Protocol), SDGs, peacebuilding, accessing international markets (.. trade agreements, NTMs, commercial partnerships, .). section examples partnerships established variety stakeholders aim promoting sustainable biodiversity / BioTrade. includes examples Asia, Africa Latin America variety sectors. Partnerships:�Case�studies���contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs Case�studies Aichi Targets Sustainable�Development�Goals 5.1 role partnerships unlocking BioTrade potential 5.2 BioTrade Initiative CITES 2, 4, 12, 13, 19 1, 2, 12, 15, 17 5.3 BioTrade – resilience-building tool: Helping states fulfil pledge leaving 2, 4, 19 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 5.4 Vision matters: BioTrade implementation (Viet Nam) 1, 4, 16, 19 8, 9, 15, 17 5.5 Biodiversity-based businesses: Leveraging ecological economies 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 19 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17 5.6 Enhancing sustainability python skin trade innovative partnership 2, 3, 4, 6, 13, 19 1, 2, 9, 12, 15, 17 © ot ol ia : ic id er 57 Chapter . Partnerships Partnerships:�Case�studies���contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs Paulo Branco, Vice Coordinator; í Menezes Pagotto, Researcher; Mario Monzoni, Coordinator; Daniela� Gomes Pinto, Researcher, Center Sustainability Studies/Fundaçã Getulio Vargas governance biodiversity-based endeavours, including BioTrade, requires orchestration diverse actors multi-level incentives terms regulation, finance, technology capacity building. scenario growing demand biodiversity-based products services, partnerships play important role strengthening frameworks, mechanisms networks scale BioTrade, supply demand sides. Introduction BioTrade reflects complex challenges society faces today, natural resource- based developing economies. great overcoming persistently incentivized misalignment sustainable natural resources economic growth, rural development international trade. challenges opportunities BioTrade lie. seizing , BioTrade contribute unlocking long-term development line 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda SDGs (12, 15 17) (UNCTAD, 2015a; UNCTAD, 2016a). context, partnerships recognized fundamental element foster cooperation actors achieving SDGs.23 Similarly, partnerships play important role BioTrade initiatives. Orchestrating governance BioTrade governance BioTrade, biodiversity-based endeavours, requires orchestration diverse actors multi-level incentives due chains characteristics (Becerra, 2009b). means engaging public organizations ( international, national subnational levels), private sector – ranging transnational corporations (TNCs) SMEs – development banks, civil society (including NGOs, tanks academia), indigenous local communities common framework aiming putting biodiversity livelihoods heart trade agendas increasing likelihood achieving SDGs. scenario growing demand biodiversity-based products services (UNCTAD, 2013) increasing pressures natural resources (UNEP, 2012), partnerships play important role strengthening governance frameworks, mechanisms networks scale BioTrade agenda, supply demand sides. , advancements reinforced terms regulation, governance, finance, technology capacity building foster climate common solutions. regulatory framework perspective, partnerships governments, private sector civil society essential enhancing BioTrade-related international trade MEA implementation national level (Chandra Idrisova, 2011). means countries implement policies, mechanisms institutional architecture advantage BioTrade opportunities. Partnerships key enabling multi-level multisectoral governance dedicated innovative, inclusive participatory arrangements (including market-based, -regulation / -regulation) (Hepburn, 2006). enhance existing set environmental, social economic sustainability criteria guides commercialization bio- based products services BioTrade (UNCTAD, 2007a). financial system great ways. Firstly, freeing access finance enhance role partnerships unlocking BioTrade potential5.1 “��BioTrade�reflects�� complex challenges society faces today, natural resource- based developing economies... 58 20 years BioTrade processes, equipment facilities develop added products compliance market requirements. , providing market information, guarantees loans suitable SMEs’ , side, TNCs, , favour equitable chains (Jaramillo, 2012; Klein al., 2014). Lastly, implementation measures capacity building enhancing supply chain management social environmental concerns, technological development data monitoring, greatly contribute innovative arrangements order strengthen BioTrade practices sectors countries conserving nature. Partnerships challenges opportunities BioTrade Existing experiences developing developed countries highlight importance building partnerships dealing biodiversity BioTrade, means match societal demands, priorities expectations sustainable development. specifically, BioTrade initiatives require “ size fits ” solutions. mobilize broad number stakeholders view capture approaches, knowledge expertise, entrepreneurship, innovation, chain ecosystem thinking, local circumstances beneficiaries. context, partnerships fundamental global BioTrade strategy fosters economic growth reinforces intergovernmental commitments (.. CBD CITES) , time, contemplates development opportunities local communities developing countries based sustainable biodiversity. globalized world – natural resource-based traditional communities consumers – collaboration partnerships crucial addressing emerging issues impact biodiversity- based BioTrade global scenario. © ot ol ia : na fa rs ai 59 Chapter . Partnerships Johannes Stahl, Scientific Support Officer Fauna; Tom�De�Meulenaer, Chief, Scientific Services Team; Haruko�Okusu, Chief, Knowledge Management Outreach Services, CITES Secretariat CITES Secretariat UNCTAD’ BioTrade Initiative long-standing collaboration starting 2001 formalized memorandum understanding (MoU) 2010. article presents selected experiences developed conserve CITES-listed species, improve livelihoods poor remote marginal areas, promote opportunities businesses comply CITES requirements Latin America, Africa Asia. CITES BioTrade: long- standing partnership cooperation UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative CITES Secretariat started 2001 general objectives enhancing conservation CITES-listed species, improving livelihoods poor people remote marginal areas harvest trade species, promoting opportunities businesses comply CITES requirements national legislation. Identifying promoting economic incentives sustainable management , trade , CITES Appendices II- III-listed species, ensuring benefits shared local communities, major importance cooperation. order formalize strengthen cooperation, UNCTAD CITES Secretariat signed MoU 2010. part MoU, CITES Secretariat works BioTrade Initiative encourage consultations BioTrade focal points CITES authorities including species listed CITES Appendices national BioTrade programmes. BioTrade Initiative CITES Secretariat cooperate facilitating capacity- building developing countries issues relating organization chain species listed CITES. Projects achievements 2001, CITES Parties, including Plurinational State Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Uganda, selected CITES-listed species component national BioTrade programmes.24 Parties received strong assistance UNCTAD conducting wildlife trade surveys, developing adequate CITES-implementing legislation making -detriment findings trade selected species. BioTrade Initiative CITES5.2 © ot ol ia : ra nc 60 20 years BioTrade result ongoing cooperation, CITES requirements incorporated UNCTAD BioTrade procedures, selection product groups chains, development tools engagement private sector, . UNCTAD BioTrade developed, close cooperation CITES authorities selected countries operates (.. Plurinational State Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Uganda), guidelines sustainable management wildlife products enterprises engaged wildlife trade. Peru, , guidelines focused Arapaima gigas (UNCTAD, 2007b; 2007c). , BioTrade Initiative supported number studies CITES-listed species strengthen sustainable management local stakeholders. Research involved, inter alia, Caiman yacare Plurinational State Bolivia; Arapaima gigas Peru; vicuñ Plurinational State Bolivia Peru; orchids Colombia Peru; wildlife trade Uganda, focusing birds, reptiles, insects amphibians. BioTrade Initiative sponsored joint workshops sustainable trade Arapaima gigas, Caiman yacare turtles. BioTrade Initiative CITES cooperating field traceability specimens CITES- listed species international trade. context, 2013–2014, jointly commissioned scoping study traceability systems international trade South-East Asian python skins, analysed existing marking tracing systems, options economically feasible traceability system confirm legal origin snake skins. study findings formed basis specific recommendations CITES Animals Committee Standing Committee. 2015, BioTrade Initiative started project traceability CITES-listed medicinal plants Greater Mekong subregion, ornamental plants Andean subregion. main thrust CITES ensure international trade listed species sustainable, legal traceable. partnership BioTrade Initiative Parties explore practical examples practice work chain partners maximize benefits rural communities legal, sustainable traceable trade CITES-listed species. Challenges opportunities Parties CITES advancing discussions touch areas cooperation CITES BioTrade Initiative. include development, implementation improvement traceability systems CITES-listed species, work livelihoods. resulted handbook assist Parties undertake rapid assessment effects application CITES decisions livelihoods poor rural communities, mitigate negative effects. topics traceability livelihoods discussed detail upcoming 17th meeting CITES Conference Parties (CoP17, Johannesburg, September–October 2016). expected issues gain momentum CoP17, generic traceability advice developed, increasing number countries stakeholders focus collecting evidence potential impacts livelihoods CITES-listing decisions, exploring opportunities sustainable income resources provision long-term species conservation strategies. broader context, approach BioTrade Initiative demonstrated species conservation poverty reduction delivered . reason, BioTrade Initiative , continue , key partner CITES. “� main thrust CITES���ensure� international trade listed species sustainable, legal traceable... Bletia catenulata © MINAM 61 Chapter . Partnerships Glaucia Boyer, Policy Specialist, UNDP BioTrade potential bring trade investment biodiversity-rich countries affected conflict displacement. tool increasing economic -reliance resilience displaced persons host communities safeguarding biodiversity. Background UNDP-UNCTAD BioTrade collaboration initiated late 2010 framework post- conflict peacebuilding efforts United Nations supporting implementation number peace agreements. complemented initiatives reintegrate large groups returning conflict-affected groups, - combatants groups, internally displaced persons (IDPs) refugees. post-conflict countries Africa, Latin America Asia ecosystems rich biodiversity. natural resource sector offered enormous potential generating attractive jobs income generation opportunities returnees. BioTrade peacebuilding tool tested Aceh Selatan, Indonesia, UNDP partnered UNCTAD government local communities revive local economic activity. sought develop chains culturally significant products marginalized groups, including women. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt), pala Bahasa Indonesia, native species selected formed part biologically diverse forest gardens belonged Aceh Selatan communities generations. crop suffered considerable deterioration war promising market demand. products nutmeg fruit seed, candies syrup, spice essential oil, potential generate income , improving livelihoods communities, explained Box 5.1 (Jaramillo, 2016b). Technical assistance strengthen nutmeg chain included establishment Forum Pala producers’ cooperative access potential buyers connect domestic international markets. interventions demonstrated rich biodiversity contribute livelihoods marginalized groups recovery communities economically, socially environmentally sustainable . approach helped increase social cohesion dialogue trust building key stakeholders. Lessons included importance engaging private sector dependent biodiversity products early address sustainability issues capitalize investments . Upscaling UNDP-UNCTAD collaboration peace agreements negotiated today, Colombia, Philippines Myanmar, “- conflicts large numbers semi-permanent refugees” BioTrade – resilience-building tool: Helping states fulfil pledge leaving behind5.3 © ho : im cK ul ka 62 20 years BioTrade Afghanistan, Islamic Republic Iraq, Somalia, Syria countries frequent. Humanitarian responses protracted care maintenance systems insufficient inappropriate dealing increasingly urban displaced population. Lacking solutions, refugees IDPs , de facto, locally integrated choice move “migrants”. Large regional movements migrants refugees Europe parts world brought international consensus adopt comprehensive international responses address root (UNGA, 2016, §12). Host governments local authorities increasingly faced reality accept displaced return home conditions return exist years, host countries communities migrants’ home. context, pressure humanitarian agencies work differently jointly development actors beginning enhance displaced persons’ hosts’ coping mechanisms. Open ended external humanitarian aid expected give investing resilience displaced persons, communities, institutions systems. Box�5.1��UNDP-UNCTAD�project��Indonesia�(2010–2011) UNCTAD-UNDP project BioTrade Aceh Selatan began 2010, complement economic reintegration support women -combatants conflict- affected communities. BioTrade concepts methodologies contribute practical environmentally friendly socioeconomic alternatives generating employment income based sustainable nutmeg commercialization derived products (Ruhanawati, 2012). part project, constraints limit development chain identified jointly chain actors, including grassroots communities, traders, industries, government, academia NGOs. nutmeg crop’ exposure pests diseases major concerns prioritized assessment phase actions developed tackle issue. key issues considered organization sector creation nutmeg forum (Forum Pala Forpala) cooperative; enhancement quality nutmeg derived products; increase product diversification (UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, 2010). Access markets key concern project implementation, contacts cooperation global leaders fragrance flavour industry ( potential buyers), import promotion initiatives, market experts stakeholders part UNCTAD’ BioTrade network. project opened opportunities implementing integrated approaches environment, peace, reintegration livelihood recovery Aceh Selatan. Forpala emerged organization leads development nutmeg Aceh Selatan. Forpala continues operate conclusion UNDP-UNCTAD project years . , financial technical support Forpala United States Agency International Development Indonesian Forestry Climate Support project, local government cooperation. information project implementation lessons learned, Jaramillo, 2016b ( : http://unctad.org/en/ PublicationsLibrary/ditcted2015d6_ en.pdf). Source: Extracts Jaramillo, 2016b. Development actors gained prominent role years, humanitarian funding phased channelled primarily emergency settings. Development agencies increasingly assisted national actors integrate solutions displacement national strategies plans. IDPs refugees invariably indistinguishable vulnerable hosts, programmes tended target groups jointly. Addressing displacement increasingly understood context broader national regional poverty development strategies systems. Nutmeg fruit, sweet woman collector Aceh district © Jaramillo 63 Chapter . Partnerships Achieving economic -reliance livelihoods solutions displaced persons , including refugee-hosting countries. Constraining environments turning conducive spaces economic activity Colombia, Jordan, Kenya, Turkey, Uganda, United Republic Tanzania Zambia. Access work permits possibility jump- start small businesses supported increasing access credit markets. BioTrade complement resilience-building efforts part comprehensive solutions led development actors displacement contexts biodiversity rich. move aid-centric view livelihoods recognize agency capacities displaced persons. BioTrade vehicle improving livelihoods displaced populations host communities conserving environment, line Agenda 2030 SDGs. UNCTAD play role connecting local international markets biodiversity goods services sustainably produced displaced hosts. question find mix policy interventions lead greater -reliance income generation, favouring tax returns medium term economic growth development long term. Development actors assist governments identifying policy mix, contributing implementation monitoring ground relevant strategies programmes. devise set cross-sectoral measures build resilience poorest excluded displaced persons members host communities, left . Solutions Alliance Displacement25 concrete ways engaging private sector effort (Solutions Alliance Secretariat, 2016). entry point action. Integrating companies owned displaced persons chains larger companies practical area UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative engage biodiversity-rich countries, Uganda, United Republic Tanzania Zambia, national groups formed. © ho : sk de eb eb 64 20 years BioTrade Viet Nam, BioTrade familiar players natural ingredients sector. awareness result years’ endeavour. Tackling number obstacles developing country, BioTrade proven excellent initiative offering sectors natural ingredients sustainably biodiversity benefit local communities. Linh Nguyen, Communication Officer, BIG Viet Nam Introduction Viet Nam, tropical country extensive coastal area, country rich biodiversity. 4000 species plants potential ingredients food, pharmaceutical cosmetics industries (Nguyen Vuong, 2012). , challenges limit development natural ingredients sector, including: • Dwindling supply wild plants due overexploitation; • profit generated local communities sale plants; • Limited awareness local communities importance biodiversity conservation; • Volume constraints good quality ingredients leading domestic manufacturers import China India unknown origin ingredients; • Unclear complex policies develop sector sustainability criteria (Ninh, 2012). order support Vietnamese natural ingredients sector address problems develop social environmental principles, SECO, approved -year project “Development BioTrade activities natural ingredients sector Viet Nam”. 2012 2015, project conducted chain interventions, including setting pilot chains, farmers plant collectors trained sustainable agricultural collection practices, connected enterprises supply contracts. Additionally, enterprises access capacity building trade promotion activities build brand names explore markets natural origin products. sector level, project initiated communication platforms raise public awareness BioTrade concept, organizing discussions enterprises government agencies facilitate favourable policy environment. Dzao�farmers�picking�che-day (Ampelopsis cantoniensis) leaves��Bat�Xat,�Lao�Cai�province,�Viet�Nam © BIG Vision matters: BioTrade implementation (Viet Nam) 5.4 “����4000�species plants potential ingredients food, pharmaceutical cosmetics industries... 65 Chapter . Partnerships BIG��meeting��buyer��Thailand BioTrade Implementation Group Building implementation BioTrade project upscale activities, manufacturers pioneering natural ingredients Viet Nam (Nam Duoc, DHG, Traphaco, Vietroselle) launched BioTrade Implementation Group (BIG) 2015. BIG open organizations companies aim support development Vietnamese natural ingredients sector BioTrade Principles. supported HELVETAS Viet Nam Viet Nam Society Medicinal Materials. BIG cooperates UNCTAD’ BioTrade Initiative, UEBT, Viet Nam Trade Promotion Agency (VIETRADE), TNCs broaden network enhance impact. BIG aims leading actor providing services support implementation BioTrade Viet Nam, covering areas: • Advocating government bodies levels facilitate enabling policy environment enhancing natural ingredients sector developing high-quality added products Viet Nam. • Promoting BioTrade business model encouraging companies source biodiversity apply business strategies operations. Lessons learned: Inclusiveness, transparency empowerment essential building trust recognition partners. , understanding individual views partner communicating gains challenges face result partnership. important setting partnerships networks businesses. Challenges: Limited capacity exists stakeholders, including government institutions, enterprises farmers’ groups. Addressing challenge entails broader collaboration stakeholders work common goal consolidate natural ingredients sector’ capacities. Opportunities: Key players leading enterprises sector witnessed feasibility effectiveness BioTrade framework committed play leading role promoting model facilitation BIG Viet Nam. • Formulating implementing strategy position BioTrade products domestic market, including raising awareness BioTrade framework methodologies consumers. • Supporting BioTrade companies exporting EU, United States America Japan developing market studies relevant research institutes, universities organizations collaborating VIETRADE HELVETAS Viet Nam trade fair participation. Lessons learned developing partnerships Viet Nam BIG newly established organization. , lessons learned process challenges opportunities faced, shown Box 5.2. needed achieving ambitious goal BIG’ founders “international recognition Viet Nam supplier choice biodiversity derived natural ingredient products – sourced, processed traded compliance CBD objectives BioTrade Principles”. , BIG committed poor communities companies utilize potential strive sustainable growth sustainably produced products. Box�5.2�BIG:�Lessons�learned,� challenges opportunities © BIG 66 20 years BioTrade Groupe Rocher shares experience based 60 years business activity linked Botanical Beauty® transformed poor village Brittany, France, sustainable prosperous district. article highlights geographic economic diversity botanical supply chains worldwide created locally partnerships access benefit sharing. Claude�Fromageot, Head Sustainability; Anaï Picard, Sustainability Project Leader, Groupe Rocher Introduction Experience shows biodiversity resource flows create environmental social . , management flows spreads shared generates local development (Souchier, 2013). beginning 21st century, predominant tendency cosmetics sector plants botanical extracts formulas increasing communication effectiveness personal care products. consequence, numerous botanical supply chains implemented, micro-projects sourcing, resulting limited botanical volume monetary creation. 2010 signature CBD’ Nagoya Protocol, important shift BioTrade place requires partnership building adaptation access global chains. Fostering partnerships – selected Groupe Rocher case studies range case studies follow outlining botanical sourcing examples world reasons partnerships developed: • Picking partnerships enhance livelihoods local communities cosmetics sector depends local communities’ parsimonious plant picking. Punctual seasonal collection plants generates economic partnership collectors cosmetics brand, creating additional income disadvantaged local populations. Madagascar, collection Centella asiatica rural populations supported providing technical assistance training monitoring, traceability, quality environmental conservation. activity generates kilograms plant extracts creates additional seasonal economy, starting local creation. •��Traditional�farming�partnerships� agricultural research cosmetics sector classic plant extracts specific properties. Groupe Rocher cultivates tons German chamomile La Gacilly, France, annually. partnership set local technical institute (Instit Techni Plant Medic Arom) enable plant breeding, traditional agronomic analysis. result choice German chamomile adapted organic agricultural method exemplary agro-ecology model 200 beehives installed 55 acres flowers. Additionally, local study biodiversity management conducted. strong local anchorage partnerships local regional stakeholders created benefit sharing social environmental sides. instance, industrial facilities Groupe Rocher covering 69 hectares land site assessments NGO Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux (French equivalent Bird Life International), order draw - year ecological management plans favour local biodiversity. Biodiversity-based businesses: Leveraging ecological economies5.5 “� Experience shows biodiversity resource�flows�create� environmental social ... 67 Chapter . Partnerships Shea nuts harvest © Dominique Rolland •��Collective�farming�partnership�� enhancing territorial development Collective farming botanical resources involving communities wide territory requiring transformation practices. Volumes significant, tons raw material cooperative produced. shea butter south Sahel region Africa, local active trade network created involving numerous stakeholders. organizes pressing, storage, traceability, . Local benefit sharing includes active participation women’ groups initial preparation quality storage shea nuts, creation support centres women’ cooperatives, resource conservation organic certification training, quality management programmes valorization TK shea butter cultivation. •��Agri-business�partnerships� enhance local culture traditional knowledge Agri-business generally considered agricultural activity relying large organized network, local stakeholders contributing sales, marketing, export, supply chain management, . Groupe Rocher’ purchasing department developed partnership Tahitian Monoï botanical supply chain (coconut oil tiare flower), includes purchasing tons plants annually. Maintaining purchasing volumes time variable annual product turnover plays significant role valorization preservation local brand “Monoï”, traditional cultural heritage knowledge locally. Groupe Rocher, ABS considered collective commitment actors contributing apply Nagoya Protocol principles development partnerships means achieve . members Natural Resource Stewardship Circle – major actors beauty industry (cosmetics, perfume, ingredient suppliers) – initiated discussions ABS 2010. interact representatives indigenous peoples world, support NGO Tribal Link Foundation. Specific guidelines developed presented CBD COPs, UNCTAD Business BioTrade forums, Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, CBD Executive Secretary, Montréal. concrete experience Nagoya Protocol Groupe Rocher Madagascar, instrumental support Protocol’ local focal point, Naritiana Rakotoniaina. PIC/mutually agreed terms (MAT) signed 2015 Madagascan plant Sigesbeckia orientalis. partnership University Antananarivo established students supported year develop ecological study plant, identification cartography methods. , research information shared order develop local knowledge plant. Additionally, tools processes local SME charge plant’ harvest preparation. support local partner established local firm develop -, autonomous enhance expertise ( research laboratory --date equipment instance), foster local transformation additional onsite added . 68 20 years BioTrade Key lessons recommendations developing effective partnerships Based cases presented, key factors successful partnerships : • Work variety actors local anchorage order create local network. • Favour micro-projects, small actors partners order optimize impact locally. • Support partners encourage maintain autonomy beginning project; identify local impacts generated extend benefit sharing. • Create win-win inclusive projects stakeholders benefit actively participate partnership. • Challenge local partner environmental social issues achieve continuous improvement integrating issues business practices. • Rely multi-stakeholder internal committee associating legal, purchasing, research, marketing communication, sustainability departments order provide technical assistance support projects implemented company, group association. • Focus concrete actions field developing benefit sharing schemes promote empowerment local stakeholders. • Rely MEAs’ local focal points global coordination relations interactions national authorities. conclusion, long-term partnerships local stakeholders create unique opportunity added shared , contributing ecological economy, based local sustainable micro-projects. BioTrade businesses drivers model ecological economy. Matricaria chamomilla harvest © Franck Bel 69 Chapter . Partnerships November 2013, IUCN, ITC French luxury group Kering, formed innovative partnership improve sustainability international trade python skins. success partnership, challenges achievements, offer powerful lessons future partnerships realm BioTrade. Daniel�JD�Natusch, Python Conservation Partnership (PCP) Project Coordinator, IUCN SSC Boa Python Specialist Group, NSW Australia Python Conservation Partnership Imagine waking night sound dogs barking, find world’ largest species snake consuming family’ pet goat. imagine falling sleep night surrounded enclosures occupied giant pythons raised birth. sounds horror story, common situations people living South East Asia. wild captive-bred snakes sold small businesses form part global supply chain transforming python skins products fashion industry. businesses utilize parts snakes; meat human consumption. rural areas developing countries, opportunity pythons forms critical component people’ livelihoods. harvest trade pythons skins began 1930s, today million python skins ( species) exported South East Asia annually supply trade. unsurprisingly, concerns raised sustainability (biological, economic, social ethical) utilization, impacts conservation species. Finding balance python conservation economic aspirations people challenging, uncertainties inherent dynamic natural systems. major problems simply didn’ python biology, ecology trade informed decisions. address , November 2013 IUCN (specifically Boa Python Specialist Group), ITC, French luxury company Kering, teamed form Python Conservation Partnership (PCP). PCP aims improve sustainability python skin trade collaborating governments, conducting science- based research, disseminating practice guidelines facilitate industry- wide change. PCP’ members . IUCN world’ largest biodiversity conservation organization; Figure 5.1 Exports South-East Asian python skins (Python reticulatus, . molurus bivittatus, . breitensteini, . brongersmai . curtus) 1995 2013 0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 1 000 000 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 # py ki ns Source: UNEP-WCMC-CITES Trade Database. Enhancing sustainability python skin trade innovative partnership5.6 70 20 years BioTrade ITC United Nations organization working promote sustainable economic development developing economies, Kering parent company brands utilizing python skins produce ranges (.. Gucci). collaborate improve trade pythons PCP members answer simple. Collectively, economies livelihoods dependent healthy ecosystems. conservation goal ensuring abundant sustainably managed python populations, turn ensures livelihood security sustainable business opportunities people utilizing pythons ( economic development business goals). PCP unique powerful, holds lessons future private- public collaborations. Challenges achievements partnership Guiding stakeholder discussions real perceived problems affecting trade ( facilitate change priority areas) biggest challenge PCP faced – important achievement. conducting robust, transparent science-based research, PCP providing information properly inform discussion trade sustainability improved. , breeding pythons captivity skins biologically economically feasible – situation thought impossible years (Natusch Lyons, 2014). industry clear recommendations treat pythons humanely. Research conducted PCP revealed important information benefits python trade participants, livelihood security enhanced (Nossal al., 2016a; 2016b). Finally, time empirical data indicating harvest python skins exported air-dried Burmese python skins, tanned export. expansion oil palm plantations South East Asia appears favoured Python reticualtus, . breitensteini . brongersmai ( high densities��rats).��snakes�� captured habitat type. Pythons captive-bred small large-scale farms South-East Asian countries.�,�staff�remove� pythons feeding cages cleaned. © ch © ch © ch pythons wild sustainable, identified ways enhance population management guarantee sustainability future (Natusch al., 2016a; 2016b; Figure 5.2, Box 5.3). PCP’ ongoing challenge effectively communicate results research, create tools provide stakeholders clear path implementation sustainable practices. partnerships learn PCP success PCP attributed key points: • Agreement shared vision mission; • Knowledge respect partner’ expectations; • Identification utilization partner’ strengths; • Definition partner’ roles responsibilities; • Trust honest communication. Successful partnerships PCP . sectors, businesses commonly team tackle shared problems. , Coca-Cola Heinz collaborated creation biodegradable bottles. , similar partnerships realm biodiversity- based businesses conservation , goals stakeholders assumed conflict goals . instance, goal conserving wild species, time utilizing species economic gain, incomprehensible people. companies committed sustainability ( aware needed achieve ), opportunities frequently enhanced alignment conservation business interests. alignment form backbone successful future BioTrade partnerships. Strong respect goals partners support objective peer- reviewed science fundamental success. result partnerships , , enhance forms sustainability, turn deliver mutual benefits people, species, ecosystems – ultimately planet. “������breeding pythons captivity skins biologically economically feasible – situation thought impossible years ... 71 Chapter . Partnerships Figure�5.2�PCP�research��sustainability��trade��reticulated�python�skins Box�5.3�PCP�work��assess�sustainability���trade��reticulated�python� (Python reticulatus)�skins © Natusch assess sustainability trade reticulated python (Python reticulatus) skins, researchers examined 4200 pythons brought processing facilities northern southern Sumatra, Indonesia, 20-year period. graphs Figure 5.3 depict number male (hollow columns) female (grey columns) pythons sizes (based snout-vent length - SVL) brought processing facilities. collected areas 20 years , numbers, body sizes, clutch sizes, sizes maturity proportion giant specimens decreased surveys (1995) repeat surveys (2015). sustainability compromised, expect declines metrics. data lend strong empirical support claims sustainability wild python harvests Indonesia. management perspective, implementing minimum size limits snakes enhance confidence sustainability preventing capture small (immature) snakes. Measurements sizes traded skins simply effectively enforce limits. Source: Natusch al., 2016a; 2016b. 72 20 years BioTrade 6 Future challenges opportunities future encompass opportunities challenges BioTrade , biodiversity trade related initiatives general. section key messages topics featured publication: people, planet, markets partnerships. provide overview BioTrade, Aichi Targets SDGs. Future�challenges��opportunities:�Key�messages Article 6.1 BioTrade people 6.2 BioTrade conservation tool 6.3 Emerging issues markets BioTrade biodiversity-based businesses 6.4 BioTrade sustainable development 6.5 BioTrade, Aichi Targets SDGs © ot ol ia : er ha itt ne 73 Chapter VI. Future challenges opportunities Future�challenges��opportunities:�Key�messages éronique Rossow, Head Research Development; Arthur Stevens, Head Supply, PTA definitions (.. local communities, harvesters, collectors, indigenous peoples), beneficiaries BioTrade chains theoretically interacting local biodiversity. demonstrated resource management plans , dedicated training carried , involvement local people positively impacts conserving resources related ecosystems (Cunningham, 2016), ensuring optimal quality raw material collected. , ensure positive livelihood impacts, challenges overcome. Ethical sustainable local practices generate transactional costs high easily accepted, absorbed rest actors chains. takes years establish secure reliable sales opportunities. grassroots level, building understanding commercial uncertainties account. create loss motivation early years – important establishing reliable chain. addition, develop effective resilience strategy practitioner level, ensure minimizing smoothing sales fluctuations, sufficiently appreciated. generate loss interest regular incomes grassroots (.. harvesters) level maintained. delays tangible perception livelihood improvement, lead discouragement impacts identifiable, measurable. business-related challenges, prior considerations, practitioners identify owns knowledge biological resource / rights access defined. customary rights place, sufficient start valorization process beneficiaries account rights identified, positively impact livelihoods, benefits sharing strategy vary drastically depending countries’ laws, local , amount type benefits shared, factors. important development enhances livelihoods communities entry force Nagoya Protocol 2014, mandatory ABS legal framework. , implementation challenges opportunities, shown Box 6.1. Ultimately, local people living conditions highly dependent commercial success chain involved. , proper regulation systems place protect rights, positive impacts livelihood remain limited. BioTrade people6.1 “� Practitioners identify owns knowledge biological resource / rights access��defined... © ho : lb er za le Fa rra 74 20 years BioTrade Box 6.1 BioTrade, ABS Nagoya Protocol UNCTAD prepared scoping study offers overview challenges faced options implement BioTrade ABS principles CBD Nagoya Protocol coherent manner. study set key points policy recommendations key stakeholders (governments companies) advantage policy options strategies BioTrade sectors, including: 1. Ensure ABS frameworks enable parallel benefits sharing facilitated access. 2. Ensure ABS regimes transparent, clear, operational enhance legal certainty actors. 3. Produce checklist compile cases guide countries coverage interlinkages BioTrade ABS frameworks. 4. Support national authorities communicate coordinate regular manner ensure coherent implementation rules procedures. 5. ways PIC MATs BioTrade projects business arrangements regularized validated simple practical administrative procedures. 6. Asses PIC, MAT benefit sharing place context indigenous peoples communities participating BioTrade chains specific ABS projects. 7. Promote understanding changing diverse research development landscape connections BioTrade ABS occur. 8. -monetary benefits generate introduce incentives maximize absorptive capacity BioTrade businesses. 9. Set clear easy procedures obtain certificates compliance, selected checkpoints – critical ensure proper traceability. 10. Raise awareness BioTrade actors, including national authorities, implications Nagoya Protocol. information: www.unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/webditcted2016d4_en.pdf Source: UNCTAD, 2016b. © hy Tr ad Af ric 75 Chapter VI. Future challenges opportunities Pablo Sinovas, Senior Programme Officer, United Nations Development Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) Challenges important potential benefits, trade wildlife , poorly managed, .. due lack enabling policy environment fosters sustainable biodiversity, pose challenges, including overexploitation, key threat biodiversity globally. Factors illegal trade corruption, priority short-term profit long-term sustainability, instances , - informed management place, lead overharvesting. addition, closed-cycle captive breeding animals artificial propagation plants, cases reducing damaging harvest pressure wild populations, contribute decoupling nature weakened incentives conservation target species wild considered part wider management plan. Consideration assessing feasibility establishing wild ranching utilization programmes order maximize conservation incentives. Opportunities Harnessing potential trade biodiversity minimizing risks requires adequate management monitoring harvest trade. decades development plethora guidelines initiatives recognize importance sustainable biodiversity. initiatives ranged certification schemes sustainable guidelines international policies commitments, including CITES CBD conventions, Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform Biodiversity Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Aichi Targets SDGs forestry- based carbon credit mechanisms. landscape offers real opportunities maximizing benefits biodiversity continued sustainable changing world. Implementation practice remains key challenge, . Work direction continue, including collection relevant baseline information development management plans robust adaptive management approaches. cases, work require financial technical support consumer countries. Ensuring adequate management require measures address perverse incentives result illegal unsustainable practices. measures consideration approaches proven successful circumstances, .. community engagement equitable sharing revenues, enforcement measures improved information sharing. capability identify origin wildlife commodities trade chain essential guarantee sustainable programmes undermined, development traceability systems standards increasingly relevant. Emerging processes combined continued strengthened efforts undertaking resource assessments, developing implementing management plans sharing experiences lessons learned. Local communities policymakers faced choices natural resources managed, presented trade-offs socioeconomic development biodiversity conservation. context, sustainable biodiversity address promoting responsible management biodiversity underpinning economic development. achieved increasing perceived wildlife, carefully managed trade, reducing incentives alternative damaging land scenarios, clear-felling agriculture cattle ranching. BioTrade harness market forces generate powerful incentives conservation species utilized, habitats. Multiple examples exist adequately managed sustainable trade programmes result conservation benefits, including crocodilian population recoveries world (.. Hutton al., 2002) vicuñ population increases Peru (.. Shaley al., 2007), sustainable NTF products Africa Latin America (UNCTAD, 2013; 2015b) incentives generated establishment situ situ conservation programmes amphibians Ecuador. Crocodilians vicuñ primarily harvested fashion industry, Ecuadorian amphibians show current potential economic pet, pharmaceutical cosmetics markets (UNDP, 2015). BioTrade conservation tool6.2 “� Harnessing potential trade biodiversity minimizing risks requires adequate management monitoring harvest trade... 76 20 years BioTrade Lorena Jaramillo, Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD • Raising awareness benefits BioTrade potential consumers important capture growing market trends creating markets BioTrade products. emerging factors BioTrade practitioners : • growing consumer trend BioTrade-friendly products services reality, differentiation schemes premium prices plateau future, forcing exporters competitive, cost-efficient differentiate products based aspects. instance, businesses interested type ingredients, sustainable sourcing practices, benefits communities story , certification logos – increasing number causing consumer confusion addition high costs. • Horizontal vertical integration global chains reducing chain length, generating -consumer linkages, enabling companies control supply chains social environmental considerations based corporate social responsibility (CSR) business strategies – implications producers. • Enhancing connections - consumer raising awareness benefits BioTrade products services people, planet markets. • increasing number NTMs developed developing country markets identified addressed order enable BioTrade companies overcome . , labelling packaging requirements, reporting requirements, registration ingredients Codex Alimentarius, GRAS, NFR EU’ Registration, Evaluation, Authorization Restriction Chemicals (REACH) regulations identified practitioners Colombia, Peru Viet Nam UNCTAD’ work trade barriers food, phytopharma personal care sectors. • Generating platforms spaces policymakers, regulators companies exporting importing countries effectively discuss, formulate/adapt regulations strategies related market access, avoiding hindering sustainable livelihoods biodiversity conservation. lead understanding consensus building, develop sustainable business opportunities local producers communities. light 2030 Agenda SDGs, issues climate change, natural resources depletion (including biodiversity water), poverty, immigration, peacebuilding post- conflict recovery (.. circular economy, carbon neutral products, carbon emission footprints, .) impacting consumer preferences market requirements, providing competitive edge companies work arena. comprehensive approach address issues businesses developing country governments essential, 2030 Agenda, international community aiming focus development integrated impactful . marketplace dynamic BioTrade actors closely monitor foresee , increasing competitiveness businesses. Governments private sector stakeholders cooperate understand challenges address , capturing growing market opportunities : • Developing enabling environment unrestricted movement BioTrade products services national international markets, generate incentives entrepreneurs develop innovative added products services based native biodiversity. • Enhancing competitiveness chains, beneficiary companies products collaborative approaches prioritize, implement, monitor assess programmes actions plans based market . Civil society national international organizations enhance implementation actions prioritized. • Improving access finance (.. credit lines grants), develop added innovative products services, enhance production facilities, compliance SPS requirements, implement standards practices ISO, HACCP, GMP, GACP, private voluntary certification schemes, implement traceability systems, carry trials documentation substantiate claims, . Emerging issues markets BioTrade biodiversity-based businesses6.3 “� marketplace dynamic BioTrade actors closely monitor foresee ... 77 Chapter VI. Future challenges opportunities Balakrishna Pisupati, Coordinator Biodiversity MEAs SDGs Programme, UNEP adoption 2030 Agenda SDGs 2015, attention shifted action realize agenda goals. Natural resources biodiversity form critical component achieving significant number goals, SDGs 12 17 (Figure 6.1). Trade biological genetic resources key component ensuring governance resources. Trade development policies implemented governments ignore key characteristics trade resources. guidance actions ensure conservation, sustainable management resources sharing subsequent benefits stakeholders . BioTrade characterized reliance biodiversity framework trade biodiversity takes place. light , BioTrade initiatives rely heavily partnerships providers users resources range stakeholders including private sector. unique approach developing chains natural ingredients products derived sustainable biodiversity, BioTrade , addition options, concrete means valuing protecting biodiversity resources improving livelihoods process (UNCTAD, 2013). current focus private sector biodiversity largely limited fixing paying cost harvested resources limited understanding economic resources. leads limitations benefits countries communities gain real resources. time private sector governments nature BioTrade broader approach principles conservation sustainable management options economic social -. series opportunities exist promoting BioTrade adjustments promotion CSR, developing equitable partnerships commercial utilization bioresources, supporting access resources benefit sharing. governments private sector explore opportunities. BioTrade sustainable development 6.4 © IN AM - DB : nr iq ue ez om ez 78 20 years BioTrade Bonapas�Onguglo, Senior Economic Affairs Officer; Lorena Jaramillo, Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD; Neiva Rosa, Consultant BioTrade , years, concrete actions enhance livelihoods ensure conservation sustainable biodiversity, including valuing mainstreaming biodiversity economic sectors, enabling improved biodiversity governance. aims embodied Aichi Targets SDGs, BioTrade brings real possibilities contribute achievement. Aichi Targets SDGs Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011–2020 20 Aichi Targets ( included aspects sustainable development), divided strategic goals (Table 6.1), global biodiversity roadmap established CBD. adopted 2010 COP 10 CBD (CBD, 2010). 193 parties Strategic goal Targets Aichi Biodiversity Targets�Icons () Mainstreaming biodiversity 1 Awareness values biodiversity 2 Integration biodiversity 3 Elimination incentives harmful biodiversity 4 Development / implementation plans sustainable production consumption () Reducing pressure biodiversity 5 Halving rate loss natural habitats 6 fish invertebrate stocks aquatic plants managed harvested sustainably 7 Areas agriculture, aquaculture forestry managed sustainably 8 Reducing pollution 9 Invasive alien species pathways identified prioritized 10 Minimize anthropogenic pressures coral reefs, vulnerable ecosystems () Safeguarding ecosystem 11 Conservation terrestrial marine areas 12 Prevent extinction threatened species 13 Minimizing genetic erosion safeguarding genetic diversity () Enhancing benefits biodiversity ecosystem services 14 Restoring safeguarding ecosystems 15 Enhanced ecosystem resilience 16 Implementation Nagoya Protocol Access Genetic Resources () Enhancing implementation 17 Implementation national biodiversity strategy action plan 18 Traditional knowledge, innovations practices indigenous local communities respected 19 Knowledge, science base technologies relating biodiversity, improved 20 Mobilization financial resources Source: CBD, 2010. Table 6.1 Aichi Targets strategic goals BioTrade, Aichi Targets SDGs6.5 79 Chapter VI. Future challenges opportunities committed implementing plan NBSAPs. strategic plan’ creation intended contribute achievement Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including poverty reduction, explicitly mentioned, “ contributes local livelihoods, economic development, essential achievement Millennium Development Goals”. Special Summit UN General Assembly, 25–27 September 2015, adopted 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development, including set SDGs succeeded MDGs. SDGs comprise 17 goals (Figure 6.1) 169 related targets (United Nations, 2015). sets path governments, UN agencies, civil society businesses 15 years work poverty, promote prosperity ensure people’ - protecting environment. Figure�6.1�Sustainable�Development�Goals Source: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform website (https://sustainabledevelopment..org). Connecting SDGs Aichi Targets Aichi Targets, broad aspect conservation embraced CBD objectives (conservation, sustainable biodiversity, fair equitable benefit sharing), direct connection 2030 Agenda SDGs. 2030 Agenda highlights importance living harmony nature (§9), specifies UN Member States “conserve sustainably oceans seas, freshwater resources, forests, mountains drylands protect biodiversity, ecosystems wildlife.” CBD Secretariat stated “Paragraph 33 Agenda’ Declaration focuses biodiversity ecosystems related matters, SDGs refer biodiversity (.. SDG 14 marine biodiversity SDG15 terrestrial biodiversity).”26 analysing Aichi Targets SDG 15 targets, close relationship obvious (Table 6.2). Sustainable development biodiversity conservation inextricably linked succeed . , approaching implementing SDGs holistic, inclusive integrated effort, involving stakeholders address poverty eradication, food security, sustainable agriculture, sustainable consumption production, economic growth, cities human settlements, accountable inclusive institutions, . integrated approach underpins United Nations 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development. conservation biodiversity halting biodiversity loss requires, addition environmental measures, social economic measures, including trade. Trade, including trade environmental goods services, mainstreamed SDGs. identified means implementation Goal 17, transversal SDGs (2, 8, 9 10) biodiversity-related goals (14 15). Sustainable trade contribute mainstream biodiversity enhance economic valuation economy provide incentives conserve biodiversity ensure sustainable , destroy . “� Sustainable development biodiversity conservation inextricably linked succeed ... 80 20 years BioTrade Table�6.2�SDG�15���targets���Aichi�Targets Target Description 15.1 2020, ensure conservation, restoration sustainable terrestrial inland freshwater ecosystems services, forests, wetlands, mountains drylands, line obligations international agreements – related Aichi Targets 5, 7, 11, 14, 15. 15.2 2020, promote implementation sustainable management types forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests substantially increase afforestation reforestation globally – related Aichi Targets 5, 7, 11, 15. 15.3 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land soil, including land affected desertification, drought floods, strive achieve land degradation-neutral world – related Aichi Targets 5, 7, 15. 15.4 2030, ensure conservation mountain ecosystems, including biodiversity, order enhance capacity provide benefits essential sustainable development – related Aichi Targets 3, 7, 11, 14, 15 15.5 urgent significant action reduce degradation natural habitats, halt loss biodiversity , 2020, protect prevent extinction threatened species – related Aichi Targets 3, 5 12. 15.6 Promote fair equitable sharing benefits arising utilization genetic resources promote access resources, internationally agreed – related Aichi Target 16. 15.7 urgent action poaching trafficking protected species flora fauna address demand supply illegal wildlife products – related Aichi Targets 4, 12. 15.8 2020, introduce measures prevent introduction significantly reduce impact invasive alien species land water ecosystems control eradicate priority species – related Aichi Targets 3, 9. 15.9 2020, integrate ecosystem biodiversity values national local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies accounts – related Aichi Targets 2, 17. 15. Mobilize significantly increase financial resources sources conserve sustainably biodiversity ecosystems – related Aichi Target 20. 15. Mobilize significant resources sources levels finance sustainable forest management provide adequate incentives developing countries advance management, including conservation reforestation – related Aichi Targets 3, 20. 15. Enhance global support efforts combat poaching trafficking protected species, including increasing capacity local communities pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities – related Aichi Targets 1 3, 4, 12, 14. Source: Adapted Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform website (https://sustainabledevelopment..org). chain workshop Ecuador Giant�corn��Cuzco© UNCTAD © PROMPERU 81 Chapter VI. Future challenges opportunities BioTrade SDGs UNCTAD, UN agency addressing interface trade development, actively engaged building – jointly governments, private sector civil society – inclusive sustainable paths centred people nature. Trade, nature creativity intertwine shape future develop industries innovation, technology, sustainable management nature, development economically feasible opportunities local communities SMEs. BioTrade Initiative UNCTAD practical programme concrete contribution sustainable development. social, environmental economic criteria, biodiversity resources transformed added products local communities, SMEs TNCs food, pharmaceutical, personal care, handicrafts fashion industries. Ecosystems adequately managed enabling development profitable ecotourism destinations. sectors embraced BioTrade initiatives promoted UNCTAD national, regional international partners programmes. importance international trade engine economic growth development,27 BioTrade power serve SDGs broader level. , order build achievements seize opportunities generated BioTrade requires coherent policy framework collaboration overcome capacity market challenges faced implementation sustainable businesses employment developing countries. , countries organizations understand identify challenges opportunities order implement actions promote SDGs achieve post-2015 development agenda. Key lessons learned practices BioTrade Initiative identified translated ways supporting promotion achievement 11 SDGs (Figure 6.2), contributing SDGs indirectly , 13 Aichi Targets. publication practical cases, related BioTrade Initiative initiatives led private stakeholders, contribute biodiversity sustainability sustainable achieve SDGs Aichi Targets. Figure�6.2�BioTrade’�contribution���Aichi�Targets��SDGs Source: Jaramillo, 2016. BioTrade’ contribution SDGs Aichi Targets ire ct � tri bu tio di ct � tri bu tio 82 20 years BioTrade References ANECACAO (2016). Statistics. Guayaquil, Ecuador: Asociació Nacional de Exportadores de Cacao - Ecuador (National Association Ecuador’ Cocoa Exporters Industrials). January. Ávila, (2010). Free, prior informed consent Suruí carbon project. : http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/ files/doc_2693.pdf. Becerra MT (2009a). Guidelines development implementation management plans wild-collected plant species organizations working natural ingredients. 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Namibia). 16 official definition neologism, general understanding word refers economy based biological resources valorization. 17 Bird watching, wildlife, whale watching, hiking, caving, mountain climbing, rock climbing, camping, diving snorkelling, educational research activities (Resolution 531 2013). 18 parks include: Andean subregion (PNN Cocuy, PNN Chingaza, PNN Los Nevados, SFF Iguaque SFF Otú Quimbaya); Caribbean Region (PNN Corales del Rosario) Pacific region (PNN Utrí). 19 information : https://www. facebook./OtunQuimbaya. 20 -creation management initiative form economic strategy, brings parties order jointly produce mutually valued outcome (Prahalad CK Ramaswamy , 2004). 21 Regulation (EC) . 258/97 defines foods food ingredients history “significant” consumption EU prior 15 1997 authorized legislation. 22 longer active. 23 Sustainable Development Goal 17: Revitalize global partnership sustainable development, states multistakeholder partnerships crucial leverage interlinkages SDGs enhance effectiveness impact accelerate progress achieving goals. 24 National BioTrade programmes managed local counterparts, ministries environment, support implementation BT & prioritized chains sectors. 25 Solutions Alliance established 2014 mobilize broader range stakeholders work benefit displaced persons host communities. inclusive forum brings donor host governments, UN agencies, multilateral financial institutions, civil society organizations, international NGOs, private sector academia promote innovative effective responses displacement rethink respond displacement start. UNCTAD BioTrade member Thematic Group Engaging Private Sector, chaired UNDP NGO Spark (Solutions Alliance Secretariat, 2016). 26 Secretariat CBD, September 2015b. 27 action areas Addis Ababa Action Agenda, international trade considered engine development. : http://www..org/ esa/ffd/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ AAAA_Outcome.pdf. 86 20 years BioTrade Working�� world htpp://unctad.org/biotrade www.biotrade.org © IN AM